Tinamus tao
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis: Sarcopterygii
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Euornithes
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Ornithurae
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Palaeognathae
Ordo: Tinamiformes
Familia: Tinamidae
Subfamilia: Tinaminae
Genus: Tinamus
Species: Tinamus tao
Subspecies: T. t. larensis - T. t. kleei - T. t. septentrionalis - T. t. tao
Name
Tinamus tao Temminck, 1815
References
Hist.Nat.Pig.Gallin. 3 p. 569,749
Vernacular names
čeština: Tinama tao
English: Grey Tinamou
español: Tinamú gris, Tinamú tao
suomi: Harmaatinami
magyar: Szürke tinamu
lietuvių: Žilasis tinamas
português: Azulona
svenska: Grå tinamo
The grey tinamou (Tinamus tao) is a type of ground bird native to South America. Four subspecies are recognised.
Taxonomy
All tinamou are from the family Tinamidae, and in the larger scheme are also ratites. All ratites evolved from prehistoric flying birds, and tinamous are the closest living relative of these birds.[3]
The grey tinamou has several subspecies:
T. t. larensis with a range in the montane forests of central Colombia and northwestern Venezuela.[4]
T. t. kleei with a range of south-central Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, and western Brazil.[4]
T. t. septentrionalis with a range of northeastern Venezuela and possibly northwestern Guyana.[4]
T. t. tao with a range of north central Brazil, far eastern Peru, and far northwestern Bolivia.[4]
Description
The gray tinamou is believed to be the largest species among the tinamous. Reported total length is from 41.5 to 49 cm (16.3 to 19.3 in) and possibly as much as 53 cm (21 in).[5][6] In body mass, males may scale from 1,325 to 1,863 g (2.921 to 4.107 lb), averaging 1,565 g (3.450 lb), and females can weigh from 1,430 to 2,080 g (3.15 to 4.59 lb), averaging 1,636 g (3.607 lb) and possibly weighing as much as 2,300 g (5.1 lb).[5][7] As suggested by its name, it is mostly grey. The back and head are barred blackish, and its vent is cinnamon. White spotting extends along the head and down the neck.
Distribution and habitat
The grey tinamou is found throughout western and northern Brazil, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, Colombia east of the Andes, northern Venezuela, northern Bolivia, and Guyana.[1][4]
In most of its range it is essentially restricted to humid lowland forests, but in the northern and far western parts of its range it mainly occurs in montane forests.[1] This tinamou has shown the ability to utilize forests that have been cleared by logging.[1] As most other tinamous, its song is commonly heard, but it is shy and only infrequently seen.
Behavior
Like other tinamous, the male incubates the eggs on the nest that is located in heavy brush on the ground. After incubation, the male will also raise them for the short period of time until they are ready. They eat fruit and seeds from the ground and bushes that are low to the ground.[3]
Conservation
This species was previously considered by the IUCN to be a Least Concern status, and has a range occurrence of 3,600,000 km2 (1,400,000 sq mi)[1] In 2012 it was uplisted to vulnerable.[8]
Footnotes
BirdLife International (2019). "Tinamus tao". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22678135A136638024. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22678135A136638024.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Brands, S. (2008)
Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
Clements, J (2007)
Cabot, J., F. Jutglar, E. F. J. Garcia, P. F. D. Boesman, and C.J. Sharpe (2020). Gray Tinamou (Tinamus tao), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Forshaw, J. (1998). Encyclopedia of Birds. New York: Academic Press.
Dunning Jr, J. B. (2007). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press.
"Recently recategorised species". Birdlife International. Archived from the original on 28 August 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
References
Brands, Sheila (Aug 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Tinamus tao". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved Feb 4, 2009.
Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
Davies, S.J.J.F. (2003). "Tinamous". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 57–59. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
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