Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Anseriformes
Familia: Anatidae
Subfamilia: Tadorninae
Genus: Tachyeres
Synonyms (1): Micropterus
Species (4): T. brachypterus - T. leucocephalus - T. patachonicus - T. pteneres
Name
Tachyeres Owen, 1875
References
Primary references
Owen 1875: Trans. zool. Soc. London, 9, 254.
Links
ION
Nomenclator Zoologicus
Vernacular names
English: Steamer Ducks
suomi: Viuhtojat
français: Brassemers
svenska: Ångbåtsänder
The steamer ducks are a genus (Tachyeres) of ducks in the family Anatidae. All of the four species occur at the southern cone of South America in Chile and Argentina, and all except the flying steamer duck are flightless; even this one species capable of flight rarely takes to the air.[2][3][4] They can be aggressive and are capable of chasing off predators like petrels. Bloody battles of steamer ducks with each other over territory disputes are observed in nature. They even kill waterbirds that are several times their size.[5]
Taxonomy
The genus Tachyeres was introduced in 1875 by the English zoologist Richard Owen to accommodate the Falkland steamer duck.[6] The genus name Tachyeres, "having fast oars" or "fast rower", comes from Ancient Greek ταχυ- "fast" + ἐρέσσω "I row (as with oars)".[7] The common name "steamer ducks" arose because, when swimming fast, they flap their wings into the water as well as using their feet, creating an effect like a paddle steamer.[8]
They are usually placed in the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae. However, mtDNA sequence analyses of the cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes indicate that Tachyeres rather belongs in a distinct clade of aberrant South American dabbling ducks, which also includes the Brazilian, the crested, and the bronze-winged ducks.[9]
Extant species
There are four species:[2][4]
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Tachyeres patachonicus | Flying steamer duck | southern Chile and Argentina, Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. |
 |
Tachyeres pteneres | Fuegian steamer duck | southern Chile and Chiloé to Tierra del Fuego |
 |
Tachyeres leucocephalus | Chubut steamer duck | Argentina |
 |
Tachyeres brachypterus | Falkland steamer duck | the Falkland Islands in the southern Atlantic Ocean. |
The Chubut steamer duck was only described in 1981.[2]
Phylogeny
Based on the Taxonomy in Flux from John Boyd's website.[10]
| Tachyeres |
|
||||||||||||||||||
Evolution
Flightlessness
Flightless Tachyeres have a paraphyletic organization, as shown above. There are multiple possible explanations of these organizations. It is unlikely that flightlessness evolved once in all Tachyeres and then disappeared in T. patachonicus, because there is no evidence for a reversal of evolution, and these reversals are extremely rare.[3] It is more likely that flightlessness evolved independently in each steamer duck species.[3] The DYRK1A enzyme has been identified as a candidate gene for flightlessness in steamer ducks.[3] This finding, combined with the range of flight capability, means the evolutionary history of the group may not be so clear cut.
There is genomic evidence of recent speciation into four Tachyeres species. Flightless Tachyeres are thought to be undergoing a modern evolutionary transition to flightlessness, which explains the range of flight capability observed across the genus.[3] The largest males of the most volant species, the flying steamer duck, are completely incapable of flight, while other individuals rarely fly.[3] The flying steamer duck is the only species to reside in landlocked bodies of water.[11][circular reference] Generally, island bound/isolated avian populations are more likely to experience evolution towards flightlessness, which may be the case for several Tachyeres populations in the coastal South American regions.[12]
References
"Part 7- Vertebrates". Collection of genus-group names in a systematic arrangement. Retrieved 30 June 2016.
Livezey, Bradley C.; Humphrey, Philip Strong (1992). Taxonomy and Identification of Steamer-Ducks (Anatidae: Tachyeres). Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, the University of Kansas. No. 8. Lawrence, Kansas: Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas. ISBN 0893380423.
Campagna, Leonardo; McCracken, Kevin G.; Lovette, Irby J. (September 2019). "Gradual evolution towards flightlessness in steamer ducks*". Evolution. 73 (9): 1916–1926. doi:10.1111/evo.13758. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 31106403.
Livezey, Bradley (1986). "Flightlessness in steamer-ducks (Anatidae: tachyeres): its morphological bases and probable evolution". Evolution. 40 (3): 540–558. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb00506.x. PMID 28556327.
"8 Birds That Can't Fly".
Owen, Richard (1875). "On Dinornis (Part XX.) : containing a restoration of the skeleton of Cnemiornis calcitrans, Ow., with remarks on its affinities in the Lamellirostral group". Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 9: 253-272 [254 Note 2].
Kear, J., ed. (2005). Ducks, Geese and Swans. Vol. I. Oxford University Press. p. 378. ISBN 0198610084.
Moynihan, M. (April 1958). "Notes on the Behavior of the Flying Steamer Duck" (PDF). The Auk. 75 (2): 183–202. doi:10.2307/4081889. JSTOR 4081889.
Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, Michael D. (1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus Anas): a comparison of molecular and morphological evidence" (PDF). Auk. 116 (3): 792–805. doi:10.2307/4089339. JSTOR 4089339.
Boyd, John (2007). "Anatini" (PDF). Taxonomy in Flux. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
"Flying steamer duck". Wikipedia.
Wright, Natalie (2016). "Predictable evolution toward flightlessness in volant island birds" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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