Brazil, CC BY-SA 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strix_hylophila_-Reserva_Guainumbi,_Sao_Luis_do_Paraitinga,_Sao_Paulo,_Brasil-8.jpg">
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Strigiformes
Familia: Strigidae
Subfamilia: Striginae
Genus: Strix
Species: Strix hylophila
Name
Strix hylophila Temminck, 1825
References
Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux Vol. 2 p. 13 BHL, pl.373 BHL.
IUCN: Strix hylophila (Near Threatened)
Vernacular names
български: Бразилска улулица
català: Gamarús del Brasil
čeština: Puštík brazilský
Cymraeg: Tylluan goch resog
Deutsch: Brasilkauz
English: Rusty-barred owl
فارسی: جغد برزیلی
suomi: Brasilianpöllö
français: Chouette dryade
Avañe'ẽ: Suinda ka'aguy
Nederlands: Braziliaanse bosuil
português: Coruja-listrada
русский: Бразильская неясыть
svenska: rostbandad uggla
The rusty-barred owl (Strix hylophila) is a medium-sized "typical owl" in subfamily Striginae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil (where it is known as the Brazilian owl), and Paraguay.[3][4][5]
Taxonomy and systematics
The rusty-barred owl is one of seven members of genus Strix found in South America, according to the International Ornithological Committee (IOC).[3] It appears to be most closely related to the Chaco owl (S. chacoensis) and rufous-legged owl (S. rufipes). [note 1][3][6][7][4] All three have vocalizations that are very different from those of other Strix owls and genetic studies may find that they belong in their own genus.[8] The rusty-barred owl is monotypic.[3]
Description
The rusty-barred owl is about 35 cm (14 in) long. Males weigh 250 to 340 g (8.8 to 12 oz) and females 275 to 395 g (9.7 to 14 oz). The species has light rusty brown facial discs with concentric darker brown rings and small white "eyebrows". Adults' upperparts have white, brown, and orange-buff barring. The chest and flanks are orangish buff and the belly is whiter; both areas have dark brown bars. The legs are feathered. The eyes are dark brown, the bill yellowish horn, and the toes yellowish gray. Juveniles are overall buff with faint darker barring.[8]
Distribution and habitat
The rusty-barred owl is found in southeastern Brazil from Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul, in southeastern Paraguay, and in Argentina's extreme northeastern Misiones Province. It inhabits the interior and edges of a variety of wooded landscapes including montane, tropical evergreen, and temperate forest; secondary forest; and pine platations. It can be found close to human habitation. In elevation it ranges from sea level to at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[8]
Behavior
Movement
The rusty-barred owl is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[8]
Feeding
The rusty-barred owl is a nocturnal hunter. Though its diet has not been extensively studied, it is known to include small mammals, birds, and arthropods, and probably also reptiles and amphibians. One study in Brazil found that about three quarters of the prey was rodents, and marsupials were most of the other quarter. It sometimes forages in the forest canopy.[8]
Breeding
The rusty-barred owl's breeding season appears to be between August and October, though it has also been reported to be between December and March. It nests in a cavity in a tree. The female incubates the clutch of two or three eggs for 28 to 29 days. Males provision the female and nestlings and are reported to also brood nestlings. Young leave the nest 32 to 35 days after hatch and are independent about three months after that.[8]
Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.
Songs and calls
Listen to rusty-barred owl on xeno-canto
Vocalization
The rusty-barred owl's song is a "frog-like deep grunting 'grugruu-grugruugrugru'." Both sexes sing, sometimes in duet. They also make "rrrrroh" and "long-drawn 'i-ew-eh'" calls.[8]
Status
The IUCN has assessed the rusty-barred owl as Near Threatened. It has a somewhat limited range and its population is believed to be decreasing because of habitat loss through burning and logging.[1] It does occur in a few protected areas.[8]
Notes
The IOC and the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithological Society place seven South American species in Strix. However, of the seven, the Clements taxonomy and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) put only the rusty-barred, Chaco, and rufous-legged owls in Strix and the other four in genus Ciccaba. All four taxonomies include several North and Middle American species in Strix.
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Rusty-barred Owl Strix hylophila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22689100A93218248. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689100A93218248.en. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 12.1)". doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.11.2. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved 27 May 2021
Lewis, Deane (October 27, 2020). "Rusty-barred Owl - Strix hylophila". The Owl Pages. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 January 2022. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved February 1, 2022
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
Holt, D. W., R. Berkley, C. Deppe, P. L. Enríquez, J. L. Petersen, J. L. Rangel Salazar, K. P. Segars, K. L. Wood, and J. S. Marks (2020). Rusty-barred Owl (Strix hylophila), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.rubowl2.01 retrieved March 10, 2022
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