Stercorarius pomarinus (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Lari
Familia: Stercorariidae
Genus: Stercorarius
Species: Stercorarius pomarinus
Name
Stercorarius pomarinus (Temminck, 1815)
Synonymy
Lestris pomarinus (protonym)
Stercorarius pomarinus egg
References
Manuel d'ornithologie: 514.
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Knoopstertroofmeeu
العربية: كركر بوماريني
asturianu: Cágalu Cibiella
azərbaycanca: Ortaboy dənizçi
беларуская: Паморнік сярэдні
български: Голям морелетник
বাংলা: পোমারাইন জেগার
brezhoneg: Sparfell-vor lost loa
català: Paràsit cuaample
čeština: Chaluha pomořanská
Cymraeg: Sgiwen fach
dansk: Mellemkjove
Deutsch: Spatelraubmöwe
Ελληνικά: Ληστόγλαρος
English: Pomarine Skua
Esperanto: Larĝvosta rabmevo
español: Págalo Pomarino
eesti: Laisaba-änn
euskara: Marikoi isatsbihur
فارسی: قاپوی دمپیچ
suomi: Leveäpyrstökihu
føroyskt: Jói
français: Labbe pomarin
Frysk: skraits
Gaeilge: Meirleach mara
Gàidhlig: Fàsgadair Donn
galego: Papamerda palleiro
עברית: חמסן רחב-אברה
hrvatski: Širorepi pomornik
Kreyòl ayisyen: Lab pirat
magyar: Szélefarkú halfarkas
հայերեն: Որոր ծովահեն միջին
Bahasa Indonesia: Camar-kejar pomarin
Iñupiak: Isuŋŋaġluk
íslenska: Ískjói
italiano: Stercorario mezzano
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut: Eshungak
日本語: トウゾクカモメ
ქართული: განიერკუდა თოლია-მეკობრე
қазақша: Олқыденелі құрақтұмсық
kalaallisut: Eshungak
한국어: 넓적꼬리도둑갈매기
Lëtzebuergesch: Sibiresch Skua
lietuvių: Bukauodegis plėšikas
latviešu: Vidējā klijkaija
македонски: Широкоопашест галеб
മലയാളം: പോമരൈൻ മുൾവാലൻ കടൽക്കാക്ക
монгол: Бэсрэг хайлгана - ᠪᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠬᠠᠢᠢᠯᠭᠠᠨᠠ
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Pelangi Pomarin
Malti: Ċiefa ta' Denbha
Plattdüütsch: Middelsten Jager
Nederlands: Middelste Jager
norsk nynorsk: Polarjo
norsk: Polarjo
Diné bizaad: Łóóʼyiniʼįįhí diłhiłígíí
polski: Wydrzyk tęposterny
پنجابی: پومارین سکوا
português do Brasil: Mandrião-pomarino
português: Moleiro-pomarino
rumantsch: Muetta mesauna
română: Lup de mare
русский: Средний поморник
davvisámegiella: Polarháskil
slovenčina: Pomorník stredný
slovenščina: Lopatasta govnacka
shqip: pulëzeza mesatare
српски / srpski: Широкорепи поморник
svenska: Bredstjärtad labb
Kiswahili: Skua Pomarina
ไทย: กเจเกอร์หางช้อน
Türkçe: Küt kuyruklu korsan martı
українська: Поморник середній
Tiếng Việt: Chim Cướp biển vừa
中文: 中贼鸥
The pomarine jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus), also spelled Pomarine yeager in some translations, pomarine skua, or pomatorhine skua,[2] is a seabird in the skua family Stercorariidae. It is a migrant, wintering at sea in the tropical oceans.
Taxonomy
Its relationships are not fully resolved; its mitochondrial DNA is most similar to the great skua,[3] but from morphology and behavior, it is closer to the lesser skuas (such as the parasitic jaeger). The most likely explanation is extensive hybridization between the great and one species of lesser skuas, which resulted in a hybrid population that eventually evolved into a distinct species, the pomarine jaeger; or alternatively between the pomarine and a species of Southern Hemisphere skua, with the great skua being the hybrid offspring, perhaps appearing as recently as the 15th century.[3][4] Judging from characteristics of the skeleton and behavior, the former seems more likely, as the pomarine jaeger shares several similarities with the "Catharacta" skuas, while the great skua does not seem much different from its Southern Hemisphere relatives.
The mtDNA difference between the pomarine jaeger and the great skua is one of the smallest between any two vertebrate species yet analyzed, being less than the variation found between different individuals of widespread species. The apparent capability for hybridization has led to the abolition of the separate genus Catharacta for the Southern Hemisphere and great skuas.
Etymology
The word "jaeger" is derived from the German word Jäger, meaning "hunter".[5][6] The genus name Stercorarius is Latin and means "of dung"; the food disgorged by other birds when pursued by skuas was once thought to be excrement. The specific Pomatorhinus is from Ancient Greek poma, pomatos, "lid" and rhis, rhinos, "nostrils".[7] This refers to the cere, which the pomarine jaeger shares with the other skuas. Although it is sometimes erroneously referred to as the Pomeranian skua, the name of this species is unrelated to the Baltic Sea region of Pomerania.[2]
Description
This is a large skua at about 45cm length, excluding the central tail feathers of the summer adult, which can add another 10cm or so.
This species ranges from 46 to 67 cm (18 to 26 in) in length, 110 to 138 cm (43 to 54 in) in wingspan and 540–920 g (1.19–2.03 lb) in weight.[8][9][10] The upper limit of the length includes the elongated tail streamer of breeding adults, which is about 10 cm (3.9 in) in length. Identification of this jaeger is complicated by its similarities to parasitic jaeger and the existence of three morphs. Pomarine jaegers are larger than common gulls. They are much bulkier, broader-winged and less falcon-like than the parasitic jaeger, but show the same wide range of plumage variation. The flight is more measured than that of the smaller species. It has many harsh chattering calls and others which sounds like which-yew.
Light-morph adult pomarine jaegers have a brown back, mainly white underparts and dark primary wing feathers with a white "flash". The head and neck are yellowish-white with a black cap. Dark morph adults are dark brown, and intermediate morph birds are dark with somewhat paler underparts, head and neck. All morphs have the white wing flash, which appears as a diagnostic double flash on the underwing. In breeding adults of all morphs, the two central tail feathers are much longer than the others, spoon-shaped, and twisted from the horizontal. Juveniles are even more problematic to identify, and are difficult to separate from parasitic jaegers at a distance on plumage alone.
Behaviour
Breeding
Stercorarius pomarinus - MHNT
This species breeds in the far north of Eurasia and North America. It nests on Arctic tundra and islands, laying 2–3 olive-brown eggs in grass lined depressions. Like other skuas, it will fly at the head of a human or other intruder approaching its nest. Although it cannot inflict serious damage, the experience is frightening and painful.
Feeding
This bird feeds on fish, carrion, scraps, smaller birds up to the size of common gull and rodents, especially lemmings. It robs gulls, terns and even gannets of their catches. Like most other skua species, it continues this piratical behaviour throughout the year, showing great agility as it harasses its victims. Only the Great Black Backed Gull, White-Tailed Eagle and Golden Eagle are known to take adult, healthy pomarine skuas.
References
BirdLife International (2018). "Stercorarius pomarinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22694240A132534251. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694240A132534251.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005). Birds Britannica. Random House. p. 228. ISBN 0701169079. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
Blechschmidt, Karin; Peter, Hans-Ulrich; de Korte, Jacobus; Wink, Michael; Seibold, Ingred; Helbig, Andreas (1993). "Untersuchungen zur molecularen Systematik der Raubmöwen (Stercorariidae)" [Investigations on the Molecular Systematics of Skuas (Stercorariidae)] (PDF). Zoologisches Jahrbuch für Systematik (in German). 120: 379–387. Cited in DeBenedictis, Paul A. (1997). "Skuas". Birding. XXIX (1): 66–69.
Furness, Robert W.; Hamer, Keith (2003). "Skuas and Jaegers". In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. pp. 270–273. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
"Jaeger". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
"Skua". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 314, 365. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"Pomarine jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus)". arkive.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-10-21. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
"Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus". enature.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 2006-06-15.
Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
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