Stagonopleura guttata

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea

Familia: Estrildidae
Genus: Stagonopleura
Species: Stagonopleura guttata
Name

Stagonopleura guttata (Shaw, 1796)
References

Musei Leveriani explicatio 6 p.47
Vernacular names
English: Diamond Firetail

The diamond firetail (Stagonopleura guttata) is a species of estrildid finch that is endemic to Australia. It has a patchy distribution and generally occupies drier forests and grassy woodlands west of the Great Dividing Range from South East Queensland to the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. While it is a small stocky bird it is one of the largest finches in Australia. The birds are very distinctive with a black breast-band on a white breast. The flanks are black with white spots and it has a scarlet rump (hence the name) and a black tail.
Taxonomy

The family Estrildidae (grass-finches) was named by Swainson in 1827 and "finch" can be traced back to the Old English finc but its origin is debated. Firetail is now used to describe the three species of Stagonopleura. The red-browed finch (Neochmia temporalis) is no longer considered a firetail even though it has a red rump.[2]

The diamond firetail has also been known as the "spotted finch (Lewin 1808), spotted grossbeak (Lewin 1822), spotted-sided grossbeak (Latham 1823) and spotted- finch (Gould 1848)". The name diamond firetail was first used in the Royal Australian Ornithological Union (RAOU's) second official checklist in 1926.[2] Stagonopleura, is from the Greek for 'spotty flanks' and guttata from the Latin gutta, a 'droplet'.
Description

The diamond firetail is one of the largest of the Australian finches by both weight (15–19 g) and wingspan (64–71 mm).[3] eBird describes the firetail having an olive back and grey head. The belly and throat are white with a complete black band. The flanks are black with distinctive white spots. The rump is bright red and the tip of the tail is black.[4] The rump is also described as scarlet by some authors.[3] Juvenile diamond firetails are duller than the adults and have a black bill.

The rump is very distinctive in flight. These birds are generally seen in pairs or small flocks, sometimes up to a hundred birds. The birds fly low and in long lines.[3][5]
Distribution and habitat

The diamond firetail has a patchy distribution from Southeast Queensland to the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia.[4] The Australian Bird Guide shows its core distribution from southern Queensland (just north in Inglewood) through to Victoria and around the coast to the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia and the eBird distribution is similar.[3] Birdlife Australia has a more extensive distribution from the Carnarvon Ranges in Queensland to the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island which is broader than other references.[5] This broader distribution reflects the historic range of the bird based on the surveys done for The Atlas of Australian Birds.[6] The species was recorded as far north as the Kirrama Tableland in North Queensland in 1917, as a "new record for the district".[7]

The bird is mostly sedentary and lives in open grassy eucalypt forest and woodland, heath, mallee country, farmland and grassland with scattered trees. The bird's habitat has been threatened by alteration of vegetation structure caused by over-grazing, weed invasion, salinisation and other flow-on processes. This loss of main food plants and habitat results in competition with invasive species, and increased predation.[5]
Behaviour
Feeding

Diamond firetails are ground feeders with a diet of grass seeds; ripe or partially ripe. They have also been observed eating insects and larvae. While feeding they will be seen hopping on the ground but if disturbed they will fly into nearby trees.[5]
Vocalisation

The Slater Field Guide notes the voice is a penetrating twoo-hee or pain, while the Australian Bird Guide describes the contact call as a "drawn out, mournful whistle like descending call of black-eared cuckoo, though typically disyllabic, with first syllable ascending and second descending". They are generally silent in flight.[3][8]
Reproduction

Nests are built with green grass, leaves and stems then lined with feathers and fine grasses. Nests can be found in dense foliage such as "hakeas, rose bushes, boxthorn and the sharp-sounding Sea Urchin Hakea" and high in trees including within mistletoe and babblers' nests. It has also been known to build in hawks' nests. Birdlife Australia records "To safeguard their eggs and nestlings, diamond firetails are often recorded building their nests into the base of the large stick-nest of a bird of prey, such as a whistling kite, white-bellied sea-eagle, wedge-tailed eagle, brown falcon, nankeen kestrel or a square-tailed kite. One nest of a whistling kite contained nine diamond firetail nests!"[5]

The incubation and care for the young is done by both partners. Normally only one clutch of between 4 and 9 eggs is laid per season.[5][8]
Status and conservation

The IUCN classifies the species as a vulnerable species.[9] Birdlife Australia list the species as secure nationally, vulnerable in NSW and SA but secure in Victoria.[5]
Aviculture

The striking plumage of the diamond firetails make them popular in aviculture. However, they are not particularly suited for inexperienced keepers as they are hard to breed, are assertive in behaviour, and are difficult to sex. In some Australian states, strict licensing requirements apply.[10]
Mutations

There are few mutations in the diamond firetail. However, one mutation produces an orange tail instead of the fiery red. In this case the bird is known as the yellow diamond. Other mutations are the pied diamond which has splashes of white, the white diamond, and the fawn diamond.[11]
Nutrition

The birds will eat lettuce, spinach, chickweed, spray millet, eggfood, broccoli tops, sprouted seed, meal worms, small cockroaches, small crickets, hulled oats and carrot tops.[10][12]
Gallery

Sundown NP, S Queensland, Australia
Lewin- spotted grossbeak 1819

Lewin- spotted grossbeak 1819
Stagonopleura guttata, John Gerrard Keulemans, 1873

Stagonopleura guttata, John Gerrard Keulemans, 1873
Diamond firetail feeding

Diamond firetail feeding
Auburn Botanical Gardens, NSW

Auburn Botanical Gardens, NSW

References

BirdLife International (2022). "Stagonopleura guttata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T22719660A211542365. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
Fraser, Ian; Gray, Jeannie (2019). Australian Bird Names: Origins and Meanings. Clayton South, Vic: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 31–32, 37. ISBN 9781486311637.
Menkhorst, Peter; Rogers, Danny; Clarke, Rohan; Davies, Jeff; Marsack, Peter; Franklin, Kim (2017). The Australian Bird Guide. Clayton, Vic: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 296–297. ISBN 978-0643097544.
"Diamond Firetail – eBird Australia". ebird.org. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
Birdlife Australia. "Diamond Firetail | BirdLife Australia". www.birdlife.org.au. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
Blakers, M.; Davies, S.J.J.F.; Reilly, P.N. (1984). The Atlas of Australian Birds. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 592. ISBN 0522842852.
Campbell, A.J.; Barnard, H.G. (1917). "Birds of the Rockingham Bay District, North Queensland". Emu. 17: 35.
Slater, Peter; Slater, Pat; Slater, Raoul (2009). The Slater Field Guide to Australian Birds (2nd ed.). London, Sydney, Auckland: Reed New Holland. pp. 210–211. ISBN 9781877069635.
"Diamond Firetail (Stagonopleura guttata) – BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
"Diamond Firetail Finch – Aviculture Hub". 10 March 2017. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
"Diamond Firetail Finch – Emblema guttata, Stagonopleura guttata". www.finchinfo.com. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
"Diamond Firetail Finch Facts, As Pets, Care, Feeding, Pictures". Singing-Wings-Aviary.com. 31 December 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2022.