Sephanoides sephaniodes

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Superordo: Caprimulgimorphae
Ordo: Apodiformes

Familia: Trochilidae
Subfamilia: Trochilinae
Genus: Sephanoides
Species: Sephanoides sephaniodes
Subspecies:

Synonyms: S. s. albicans – S. s. mariannae included in nominal.

Name

Sephanoides sephaniodes (Lesson & Garnot, 1827)

Type locality: Bahía de Concepción, Talcahuano, Chile.

Synonyms

Orthorhynchus sephaniodes (protonym))
Sephanoides sephanoides (emend.)
Trochilus galeritus Molina, 1782 Saggio p. 247
Eustephanus burtoni Boucard, 1891 HummingBird p. 18 BHL

References

Lesson, R.P. & Garnot, P. 1826–1830. In Duperrey, L.I. Voyage autour du monde Exécuté par ordre du Roi sur La Corvette de Sa Majesté La Coquille, pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824 et 1825 par L. I. Duperrey ... Commandant de l'Expedition ... Zoologie, tome I, pt. II. Arthus Bertrand. Paris. pp. 361–743. BHL DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.57936 Reference page. Atlas livr.4 pl. 31, fig. 2 BHL; Zool. p. 681 BHL,

Vernacular names
English: Green-backed Firecrown
español: Colibrí austral

The green-backed firecrown (Sephanoides sephaniodes) is a hummingbird in the "coquettes", tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Argentina, mainland Chile, and the Juan Fernández Islands.[3][4][5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The green-backed firecrown is monotypic. It shares its genus only with the Juan Fernandez firecrown (S. fernandensis).[3] The specific epithet sephaniodes is sometimes misspelled sephanoides to match the genus.[6]
Description

The green-backed firecrown is 10 to 10.5 cm (3.9 to 4.1 in) long. Males weigh about 5.5 g (0.19 oz) and females about 5 g (0.18 oz). The species is sexually dimorphic, with larger, short-billed males, and smaller, longer-billed females. Adults of both sexes have bronzy green upperparts, slaty green wings and tails, and pale buff underparts with black and green spots. Adult males have the eponymous iridescent red-yellow crown. Juveniles of both sexes have rusty feather edges on the head and their underparts have a cinnamon tone. Because the young are sexually monochromatic, it is difficult to assign a sex to them.[7][8]
Distribution and habitat

The green-backed firecrown is found in Chile from south of the Atacama Region all the way to the southern tip of South America, in the adjoining areas of southern Argentina, and east across central Argentina to the Atlantic coast. (See Behavior:Movement below for details.) An isolated population is found on Robinson Crusoe and Alejandro Selkirk Islands of the Juan Fernández group, some 770 km (420 nmi) off the Chilean coast. It has been recorded as a vagrant on the Falkland Islands. The species inhabits forest edges, plantations of introduced Eucalyptus, clearings, thickets, and gardens. It is an important pollinator for the temperate rainforest regions of southern South America. In elevation it ranges from sea level to above 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[7][9][8]
Behavior
Movement

The green-backed firecrown is resident in the Chilean matorral from south of the Atacama Region to approximately the Los Lagos Region and in adjoining western Argentina. It nests from Los Lagos all the way to the southern tip of South America in both Chile and adjoining Argentina. In the non-breeding season it winters in the lowlands of central Argentina as far east as the Atlantic coast. The Juan Fernandez Islands population is believed to be sedentary.[7][10]
Feeding

The green-backed firecrown feeds on nectar from a variety of native and introduced flowering plants, favoring those of genera Abutilon, Embothrium and Fuchsia, and sometimes perches on flowers to feed rather than hovering. It is able to recall not only the nectar location among identical flowers but also to the location of the most rewarding nectar among less rewarding flowers. It is intensely territorial and has been noted to chase birds as large as caracaras.[7][11]
Breeding

The green-backed firecrown's nesting season on the mainland spans from September to November; data are sparse but the season on Juan Fernández appears to be September to December. The nest is a very small cup that is sometimes placed above water. The clutch is two white eggs. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding phenology.[7]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to green-backed firecrown on xeno-canto
Vocalization

The green-backed firecrown's typical song is "a series of high-pitched notes interspersed by gravelly trills and squeaky notes, 'pseee...pseee...krrr.skee.skee.skee....psee...'." Its call is "a single 'psee' or 'skee'."[7]
Status

The IUCN has assessed the green-backed firecrown as being of Least Concern, though its population size is unknown and believed to be decreasing.[1] It is locally common, and does well in human-altered landscapes such as city parks and gardens. In the Juan Fernandez Islands its population is believed to be about 5000 birds. It occurs in several protected areas on the mainland. No immediate threats have been identified.[7]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Green-backed Firecrown Sephanoides sephaniodes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22687857A93172170. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687857A93172170.en. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 12.1)". doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.11.2. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
HBW and BirdLife International (2020) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip [.xls zipped 1 MB] retrieved May 27, 2021
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
Roy, M.S., P. F. D. Boesman, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Green-backed Firecrown (Sephanoides sephaniodes), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grbfir1.01 retrieved January 22, 2022
McFadden, Tyler Neal; Biscarra, Gabriela; Ruiz, Jorge; Navedo, Juan (2019). "Recommended Band Sizes and a Novel Technique for Sexing Immature Green-backed Firecrown Hummingbirds (Sephanoides sephaniodes)". Ornitología Neotropical. 30: 179–184. ISSN 1075-4377.
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
C. Michael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2013. Chilean matorral. ed. M.McGinley. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
Gónzalez-Gómez, Paulina L.; Vásquez, Rodrigo A. (August 2006). "A field study of spatial memory in green-backed firecrown hummingbirds (Sephanoides sephaniodes)" (PDF). Ethology. 112 (8): 790–795. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2006.01223.x. ISSN 0179-1613.