Rheinardia ocellata

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Galliformes

Familia: Phasianidae
Subfamilia: Phasianinae
Genus: Rheinardia
Species: Rheinardia ocellata
Name

Rheinardia ocellata (Elliot, 1871)
Original combination: Argus ocellatus (protonym)

References

Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4) 8 p.119 BHL
IUCN: Rheinardia ocellata (Near Threatened)

Vernacular names
български: Качулат аргус
brezhoneg: Argus kribennek
català: Argus pigallat
Cymraeg: Ffesant gribog
dansk: Topargus
Deutsch: Perlenpfau
English: Crested Argus
Esperanto: Krestargusa fazano
français: Argus ocellé
עברית: ארגוס מצויץ
magyar: Gyöngyös páva
日本語: カンムリセイラン
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Kuang Raya Gunung
Nederlands: Vietnamese gekuifde argusfazant
پنجابی: تاجی ککڑ
русский: Хохлатый аргус
svenska: tofsargusfasan
Tiếng Việt: Trĩ sao
中文: 冠鸞

Crested arguses are large and spectacular peafowl-like birds in the genus Rheinardia of the pheasant family.

Taxonomy

Although traditionally treated as a single species with two subspecies, it has long been suspected that a species pair is involved and recent evidence, albeit using the controversial Tobias criteria, also supports treating each subspecies as a separate species.[1] The split results in two monotypic species:

Image	Common Name	Scientific name	Distribution
	Malayan crested argus	Rheinardia nigrescens	central Malaysian Isthmus
Vietnam, 2013-08-14, DD 01.JPG" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Argo_de_Rheinard_%28Rheinardia_ocellata%29%2C_Zoo_de_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_01.JPG/180px-Argo_de_Rheinard_%28Rheinardia_ocellata%29%2C_Zoo_de_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Argo_de_Rheinard_%28Rheinardia_ocellata%29%2C_Zoo_de_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_01.JPG/240px-Argo_de_Rheinard_%28Rheinardia_ocellata%29%2C_Zoo_de_Ciudad_Ho_Chi_Minh%2C_Vietnam%2C_2013-08-14%2C_DD_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3941" data-file-height="2644" height="81" width="120" />	Vietnamese crested argus	Rheinardia ocellata	the Annamite mountain range.

The two forms differ significantly in plumage, display and vocalisations and both are threatened by human activity.
Description

Crested arguses have dark-brown-spotted black and buff plumage, a heavy pink bill, brown irises and blue skin around the eyes. The head has two crests; the hind crest, which extends down the occiput, is erected when alarmed and during intentional behaviors including pair bonding and courtship displays. The male has a broad and greatly elongated tail of twelve feathers. The tail covert (or "train") of the male is the longest of any bird and is believed to contain the longest (and widest) feathers to occur in a wild bird; the Reeves's pheasant has tail feathers of similar length but which are considerably narrower. The tail coverts measure up to 1.73 m (5.7 ft) in length, giving the bird a total length of 1.9–2.39 m (6.2–7.8 ft).[2]

The female is similar in size, with a prominent marbled barring and more colourful dorsal plumage than the male. Her conspicuous white facial plumage is like the male, marked with disruptive patterning. The female's crest is different morphologically, with more rigid plumes that take up more surface area along the occiput and upper hind neck. The female's tail is elongated and laterally compressed as is that of the male but of considerably shorter length. The average length of the female is 74–75 cm (2.43–2.46 ft). Despite being sexually dimorphic galliform by length, the male only weighs about 20% more than the female. The average weight is around 1.5 kg (3.3 lb).[3]

The wings of the crested argus are of unusual size and length for its weight. They are wide and square like those of Argusianus versus rounded and abbreviated like those of 'true' pheasants. Additionally, there is no discernible trailing edge secondary wing notch amongst the flight feathers, indicating a capacity of sustained flight in species of this genus. Their wings are morphologically similar to the wings of certain semi-arboreal Craciformes, particularly guans of the genus Pipile. The feet and legs of crested argus are also notable in the presence of curiously developed leg scales in males which are widened in such a matter that they give each limb the appearance of the foreleg of a Varanid lizard. The toes are long and gracile and like other peafowls, the hind toe is less recumbent than those of more strictly terrestrial Galliformes.
Behaviour and ecology
Female Vietnamese crested argus at Ho Chi Minh City Zoo.

Little is known about them in the wild. Shy and elusive, the crested argus is found in submontane primary forests of Vietnam, Laos and Malaysia in Southeast Asia. The diet consists mainly of invertebrates, mollusks, amphibians, small reptiles, bamboo shoots, leaves, fruits and fungi. Little is known about its reproductive strategy. While it is believed by some authorities to be polygamous, there is no direct evidence to substantiate this theory. Naturalist William Beebe documented pairs of crested argus flying to and from the overstory. This suggests that there may be indefinite pair bonds. There is marked delayed maturity in both species. They appear to be fully adult only in their fifth or sixth year.

The male performs various displays that include serpentine erratic deportment behaviors which include perceptible quill vibration. The lower extremities of the male's wings and tail are pushed vertically into the ground leaving trails in sand and leaf litter. These performances may culminate in the lateral compression of the body and plumage and spreading of his train. The head is held parallel to the ground throughout these display behaviors exhibiting upper throat bristles in one species and downy plumuelles in the second, which together with the forward positioning of the crests, obscure the shape of the head. The male also erects a nuchal hood and hisses audibly while stomping his feet. Like other peafowls, the crested argus employs these and more complex display behaviors in anti-predatory encounters, especially with reptiles.
Habitat and distribution

From limited anecdotal observations of local indigenous peoples, both species select nest sites in elevated reaches, often amongst escarpments on steep slopes amongst leaf litter. They produce very small clutches of from one-two large eggs which are incubated for 25 days. Like other peafowls, crested argus chicks hatch with developed wing feathers. They are bill fed for the first few weeks. In captivity, males also invest in chick rearing, both bill feeding and brooding the chicks both on and off the ground.

Like other peafowl, crested argus retire on emergent trees above the forest canopy for many hours a day. They will remain on these trees for days at a time during the wet season. Crested argus are strong fliers and pairs have been reported flying together.
References

"Species rank for Rheinardia ocellata nigrescens (Phasianidae)". BioOne. 22 June 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
"Amazing Bird Records". Trails.com. 27 July 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
Biddle, Tami Davis, Pheasants, Partridges, and Grouse : A Guide to the Pheasants, Partridges, Quails, Grouse, Guineafowl, Buttonquails, and Sandgrouse of the World (Princeton Field Guides). Princeton University Press (2002), ISBN 978-0-691-08908-9

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