Pygoscelis antarcticus, Photo: Michael Lahanas
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Aequornithes
Ordo: Sphenisciformes
Familia: Spheniscidae
Genus: Pygoscelis
Species: Pygoscelis antarcticus
Name
Pygoscelis antarcticus (J. R. Forster, 1781)
Synonyms
Aptenodytes antarctica (protonym)
Pygoscelis antarctica (orth. err.)
References
Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis 3 (1780): 134, 141, pl.4.
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Bandkeelpikkewyn
català: Pingüí de cara blanca
čeština: Tučňák uzdičkový
Deutsch: Zügelpinguin
English: Chinstrap Penguin
español: Pingüino barbijo
suomi: Myssypingviini
français: Manchot à jugulaire
עברית: פנגווין רצועת הסנטר
hrvatski: Ogrličasti pingvin
magyar: Állszíjas pingvin
日本語: ヒゲペンギン
Lëtzebuergesch: Zigelpinguin
lietuvių: Antarktinis pingvinas
Nederlands: Stormbandpinguïn
norsk: Ringpingvin
polski: Pingwin maskowy
português: Pinguim-de-barbicha
русский: Антарктический пингвин
slovenčina: Tučniak čiapočkatý
српски / srpski: Огрличасти пингвин
svenska: Hakremspingvin
ไทย: เพนกวินชินแทร็ป
татарча/tatarça: Антарктика пингвины
українська: Антарктичний пінгвін
中文: 南極企鵝
The chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarcticus) is a species of penguin that inhabits a variety of islands and shores in the Southern Pacific and the Antarctic Oceans. Its name stems from the narrow black band under its head, which makes it appear as if it were wearing a black helmet, making it easy to identify.[2] Other common names include ringed penguin, bearded penguin, and stonecracker penguin, due to its loud, harsh call.[3]
Taxonomy
This species was originally given the scientific name Aptenodytes antarctica by Johann Reinhold Forster in 1781, thereby placing it in the same genus as the king and emperor penguins. In 1990, Graham Turbott transferred this species into the genus Pygoscelis, together with the Adélie and gentoo penguins. This gave it the new name P. antarctica. However, this is an orthographic error due to the disagreement in Latin grammar between antarctica and its assigned genus. The corrected form, P. antarcticus, is the currently accepted name for this species.[4]
Description
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Video showing various behaviours, Antarctica
The chinstrap penguin grows to a length of 68–76 cm (27–30 in) and a weight of 3.2–5.3 kg (7.1–11.7 lb), with the weight varying with the time of year.[3] Males are greater in weight and height than females.[5]
The adult chinstrap's flippers are black with a white edge; the inner sides of the flippers are white. The face is white extending behind the eyes, which are reddish brown; the chin and throat are white, as well, while the short bill is black. The strong legs and the webbed feet are pink. Its short, stumpy legs give it a distinct waddle when it walks. The chinstrap penguin's black back and white underside provide camouflage in the form of countershading when viewed from above or below, helping to avoid detection by its predators.[6]
Distribution
Chinstrap penguins have a circumpolar distribution. They breed in Antarctica, Argentina, Bouvet Island, Chile, the Falkland Islands, the French Southern Territories, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Vagrant individuals have been found in New Zealand, the islands of Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha, and South Africa.[1]
Ecology
The diet of the chinstrap penguin consists of small fish, krill, shrimp, and squid, for which they swim up to 80 km (50 mi) offshore each day to obtain. The chinstrap penguin's tightly packed feathers provide a waterproof coat, enabling it to swim in freezing waters. Additionally, thick blubber deposits and intricate blood vessels in the flippers and legs assist in the preservation of heat.[6]
The main predator of the chinstrap penguin at sea is the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx). Every year, the leopard seal causes the chinstraps population to decrease by about 5% to 20%. On land, the brown skua (Stercorarius antarcticus), south polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki), and southern giant petrel (Macronectes giganteus) are the primary predators of the penguin. These three species most often prey on eggs and young chinstrap penguins. The Antarctic fur seal is also known to occasionally kill chinstrap penguins.[7]
Behaviour
Chinstrap penguin colony near Orne Harbor, Antarctic Peninsula
Adult with juveniles
On land, they build circular nests from stones, and lay two eggs, which are incubated by both the male and the female for shifts around 6 days each. The chicks hatch after around 37 days, and have fluffy grey backs and white fronts. The chicks stay in the nest for 20–30 days before they go to join other chicks in a crèche. Around 50–60 days old, they moult, gaining their adult feathers and go to sea.[8]
Chinstrap penguins are generally considered to be the most aggressive and ill-tempered species of penguin.[8]
Roy and Silo
Main article: Roy and Silo
In 2004, two male chinstrap penguins named Roy and Silo in Central Park Zoo, New York City, formed a pair bond and took turns trying to "hatch" a rock, for which a keeper eventually substituted a fertile egg, and the pair subsequently hatched and raised the chick.[9] Penguins by nature hatch eggs and are social creatures. The children's book And Tango Makes Three was written based on this event.[10]
Conservation status
In 2018, the IUCN estimated that the population of chinstrap penguins was around 8 million specimens. Although it is believed to be decreasing overall, its population is not severely fragmented and in many sites it is increasing or stable. The species is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List as of 2016, due to its large range and population, following five previous assessments of the same status from 2004 to 2012 and three assessments as "unknown" from 1988 to 2000.[1]
The chinstrap penguin is primarily threatened by climate change. In several parts of its range, climate change decreases the abundance of krill, which likely makes reproduction less successful. For instance, a 2019 expedition to breeding grounds on Elephant Island show a fifty percent population decline in just under fifty years.[11][12] Other potential threats include volcanic events and the fishing of krill by humans.[citation needed]
References
BirdLife International (2020). "Pygoscelis antarcticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22697761A184807209. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22697761A184807209.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Chinstrap Penguin Facts". National Geographic. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
De Roy, Tui; Jones, Mark; Cornthwaite, Julie (2014). Penguins: The Ultimate Guide (reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-0691162997. Retrieved 17 February 2019.
Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis 3 (1780): 134, 141, pl.4.
"Chinstrap penguins". Australian Antarctic Division. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
"Chinstrap Penguin Fact Sheet". Lincoln Park Zoo. Archived from the original on 2016-03-22.
Borboroglu, Pablo Garcia; Boersma, P. D. (2015). Penguins: Natural History and Conservation (reprint ed.). University of Washington Press. pp. 52–72. ISBN 978-0295999067. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
Ellenbroek, B. "Chinstrap penguin". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
Driscoll, Emily V. (10 July 2008). "Bisexual Species: Unorthodox Sex in the Animal Kingdom". Scientific American. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
Bone, James (27 September 2005). "Gay icon causes a flap by picking up a female". Times Online. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
Stryker, Noah (2020-02-10). "Antarctica's Most Numerous Penguin Has Suffered Huge Declines, Expedition Finds". Audubon. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
"Chinstrap penguin colonies in Antarctica suffer '77pc decline since last survey'". ABC News. 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
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