Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Gruiformes
Familia: Psophiidae
Genus: Psophia
Species: P. crepitans - P. leucoptera - P. viridis
Species pending of recognition: P. dextralis – P. interjecta – P. napensis – P. obscura – P. ochroptera
Name
Psophia Linnaeus, 1758
Typus: Psophia crepitans Linnaeus, 1758
Fixation: monotypy
References
Primary references
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 154 BHL Reference page.
Additional references
Oppenheimer, M. & Silveira, L.F. 2009. A taxonomic review of the dark-winged trumpeter Psophia viridis (Aves: Gruiformes: Psophiidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49: 547–555. PDF. Reference page.
Ribas, C.; Aleixo, A.; Nogueira, A.C.; Miyaki, C.Y.; Cracraft, J. 2011. A palaeobiogeographic model for biotic diversification within Amazonia over the past three million years. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 279: 681–689. DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.1120 Article Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Grey-winged trumpeter
español: Trompetero aligrís
português do Brasil: jacamim-de-costas-cinzentas
português: jacamim-cinza
svenska: Trumpetare (fåglar)
Türkçe: Borazan kuşu
Psophia is a genus of birds restricted to the humid forests of the Amazon and Guiana Shield in South America. It is the only genus in the family Psophiidae. Birds in the genus are commonly known as trumpeters, due to the trumpeting or cackling threat call of the males.[1] The three species resemble slightly taller, longer-legged chickens in size and appearance; they measure 45 to 52 centimetres (18 to 20 inches) long and weigh 1 to 1.5 kg (2.2 to 3.3 lb).[1] They are rotund birds with long, flexible necks and legs, downward-curving bills[2] and a “hunched” appearance.[3] Their heads are small, but their eyes are relatively large, making them look inquisitive and "good-natured". The plumage is soft, resembling fur or velvet on the head and neck. It is mostly black, with purple, green, or bronze iridescence, particularly on the wing coverts and the lower neck. In the best-known taxa, the secondary and tertial flight feathers are white, grey, or greenish-black and hairlike, falling over the lower back, which is the same colour. These colours give the three generally accepted species their names.[1]
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus Psophia was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus, in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae, as containing a single species, the grey-winged trumpeter (Psophia crepitans).[4][5] The genus name is from the Ancient Greek psophos meaning "noise".[6]
The genus' taxonomy is far from settled; anywhere from three to six species (with varying numbers of subspecies) are recognized by different taxonomic systems.
The International Ornithological Committee's treatment is the most conservative. They recognize three species, two of which have three subspecies:[7]
Grey-winged trumpeter, Psophia crepitans
P. c. crepitans
P. c. napensis
P. c. ochroptera
Pale-winged trumpeter, Psophia leucoptera
Dark-winged trumpeter, Psophia viridis
P. v. viridis
P. v. dextralis
P. v. obscura
The Clements taxonomy splits P. v. dextralis and adds English names to the subspecies:[8]
Gray-winged trumpeter, Psophia crepitans
P. c. crepitans (gray-winged)
P. c. napensis (Napo)
P. c. ochroptera (ochre-winged)
Pale-winged trumpeter, Psophia leucoptera
Dark-winged trumpeter, Psophia viridis
P. v. viridis (green-backed)
P. v. dextralis (dusky-backed)
P. v. interjecta (Xingu)
P. v. obscura (black-backed)
BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) recognizes six species:[9]
Grey-winged trumpeter, Psophia crepitans
P. c. crepitans
P. c. napensis
Ochre-winged trumpeter, Psophia ochroptera
White-winged trumpeter, Psophia leucoptera
Green-winged trumpeter, Psophia viridis
Olive-winged trumpeter, Psophia dextralis
P. d. dextralis
P. d. interjecta
Black-winged trumpeter, Psophia obscura
Traditionally, only three species of trumpeters have been recognised.[10] A 2008 review, of the morphology of the dark-winged trumpeter, resulted in the recommendation that it be divided into three species.[11] A 2010 review of the phylogeny and biogeography of all members of the family resulted in a suggested total of eight species—two in the grey-winged trumpeter complex, two in the pale-winged trumpeter complex, and four in the dark-winged trumpeter complex.[12]
Behaviour and ecology
Trumpeters fly weakly but run fast; they can easily outrun dogs.[1] They are also capable of swimming across rivers.[3] They spend most of the day in noisy flocks, sometimes numbering more than 100, on the forest floor.[1] They feed on fallen fruit (particularly fruit knocked down by monkeys). They also eat a small amount of arthropods, including ants and flies,[1] and even some reptiles and amphibians.[3] At night they fly with difficulty into trees to roost 6 to 9 metres (20 to 30 ft) above the ground.[1]
Trumpeters nest in a hole in a tree or in the crown of a palm tree. They lay 2 to 5 eggs with rough, white shells, averaging about 76 grams (2.7 ounces).[1] In the pale-winged trumpeter and the grey-winged trumpeter, groups of adults care for a single clutch.[1][13]
Relationship with humans
Trumpeters are often used as "guard dogs" because they call loudly when alarmed,[1] become tame easily, and are believed to be adept at killing snakes. One source states their skill at hunting snakes as a fact,[3] and the nineteenth-century botanist Richard Spruce gave an account of the friendliness and snake-killing prowess of a tame grey-winged trumpeter. For these reasons, Spruce recommended that England import trumpeters to India.[14] However, another source says this prowess is "reputed".[15]
References
Holyoak, David; Colston, P. R. (2003). "Trumpeters". In Perrins, Christopher (ed.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds. Firefly Books. p. 213. ISBN 1-55297-777-3.
Archibald, George W. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds. London: Merehurst Press. p. 98. ISBN 1-85391-186-0.
Hilty, Steven L.; Brown, William L. (1986). A Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press. p. 134. ISBN 0-691-08371-1. Retrieved 2008-09-19.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 154.
Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 155.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 322. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (August 2022). "Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin". IOC World Bird List. v 12.2. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
Remsen, J. V. Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, J. Pérez-Emán, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. 8 November 2011. A classification of the bird species of South America. Archived 2009-03-02 at the Wayback Machine South American Classification Committee
Oppenheimer, M.; Silveira, L.F. (2009). "A taxonomic review of the Dark-winged Trumpeter Psophia viridis (Aves: Gruiformes: Psophiidae)". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. 49 (41): 547–555. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492009004100001.
Ribas, C.C.; Aleixo, A.; Nogueira, A.C.R.; Miyaki, C.Y.; Cracraft, J. (2011). "A palaeobiogeographic model for biotic diversification within Amazonia over the past three million years". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1729): 681–689. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1120. PMC 3248724. PMID 21795268.
Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press. pp. 279–280. ISBN 0-691-09250-8.
Spruce, Richard (1908). Alfred Russel Wallace (ed.). Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon & Andes. Vol. i. Macmillan. p. 340. Retrieved 2008-09-15.
Meyer de Schauensee, Rodolphe (1970). A Guide to the Birds of South America. Livingston Publishing Co. ISBN 0-87098-027-0.
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