Psophia viridis

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Gruiformes

Familia: Psophiidae
Genus: Psophia
Species: Psophia viridis
Subspecies: P. v. dextralis – P. v. interjecta –P. v. obscura – P. v. viridis
Name

Psophia viridis Spix, 1825
References
Primary references

Spix, J.B. von 1825. Avium species novae, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae regis. Suscepto. Collegit et descripsit Dr. J. B. de Spix. Tomus 2. 85 pp. + 115 tt. Illustrations: Matthias Schmidt. Ed. Typis Franc. Seraph. Hübschmanni. Monachii. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.63182 Original description p.66 BHL Reference page. Illustration pl.83 BHL

References

Oppenheimer, M. & Silveira, L.F. 2009. A taxonomic review of the dark-winged trumpeter Psophia viridis (Aves: Gruiformes: Psophiidae). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 49: 547–555. PDF. Reference page.

For more multimedia, look at Psophia viridis on Wikimedia Commons.
Vernacular names
English: Dark-winged Trumpeter
español: Trompetero aliverde
italiano: Trombettiere aliscure
português: Jacamim-preto
svenska: Mörkvingad trumpetare
Türkçe: Yeşil kanatlı borazan kuşu

The dark-winged trumpeter (Psophia viridis) is a species of bird in the family Psophiidae. It is endemic to Brazil.[2]
Taxonomy and systematics

The dark-winged trumpeter's taxonomy is far from settled. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) assigns it three subspecies, the nominate P. v. viridis, P. v. dextralis, and P. v. obscura. The Clements taxonomy splits a fourth from dextralis, P. v. interjecta. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) treats each of the three IOC-recognized subspecies as separate species, the "green-winged", "olive-winged", and "black-winged" trumpeters respectively. HBW includes interjecta as a subspecies of the "olive-winged".[2][3][4] Considerable evidence supports the treatment as three species.[5][6]

This article follows the IOC three-subspecies model.
Dark-winged trumpeters at Cristalino Jungle Lodge, Brazil
Description

The dark-winged trumpeter is a chicken-like bird with a long neck and legs and a hump-backed profile. It is 45 to 52 centimetres (18 to 20 in) long. The sexes are alike. Their bill color ranges from dusky brown to bright green and their legs and feet are dusky brown to greenish olive. Adults of the nominate subspecies are mostly velvety blackish with a dark smoky olive-green mantle and wing patch. They have an iridescent purple patch on the lower neck and their outer wing coverts are tipped with iridescent purple. Subspecies P. v. dextralis (including interjecta) has a dark brown mantle and wing patch that is olive green towards the end. It has no iridescence on the neck or wing coverts. P. v. obscura is almost identical to dextralis but has a small amount of purple iridescence on the lower neck and wing coverts.[7]
Distribution and habitat

The dark-winged trumpeter is found in the Amazon Basin of Brazil south of the Amazon River. The nominate subspecies is the westernmost, found between the Rio Madeira and the Rio Tapajós. Subspecies P. v. dextralis is found from the Tapajós to the Rio Tocantins. (P. v. dextralis sensu stricto and P. v. interjecta are separated by the Rio Xingu when they are treated as individual subspecies.) P. v. obscura is found from the Tocantins to the Atlantic coast in the state of Pará.[2][3] Undocumented sight records in northeastern Bolivia lead the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society to call the species hypothetical in that country.[8]
Behavior
Movement

The dark-winged trumpeter is assumed to be sedentary and territorial like the other trumpeters.[7]
Feeding

The dark-winged trumpeter forages in groups of up to about 20 individuals. Its diet is not known in detail but includes fruit, arthropods, small vertebrates, and carrion. It sometimes follows army ant swarms to capture fleeing prey.[7]
Breeding

Almost nothing is known about the dark-winged trumpeter's breeding biology. Its breeding season appears to include January to April.[7] The other trumpeters are polyandrous and cooperative breeders. They nest in tree holes made by other bird species.[9][10]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to dark-winged trumpeter on xeno-canto
Vocalization

All trumpeters are highly vocal. The dark-winged trumpeter's song has been described as "a series of low humming notes, given singly at first and then doubled." It also makes "various harsh, sharp or raucous 'tset' notes" as both contact and alarm calls.[7]
Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has assessed the "green-winged",[11] "olive-winged", and "black-winged" trumpeters separately. The "green-winged" (viridis) is Vulnerable. The "olive-winged" (dextralis) is Endangered. The population sizes of these two are unknown and believed to be decreasing due to deforestation and hunting. The "black-winged" (obscura) is Critically Endangered. It has a small range and its estimated population of 50 to 250 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing, like that of the others due to deforestation and hunting.[1][12][13]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Green-winged Trumpeter Psophia viridis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T45470705A95158191. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T45470705A95158191.en. Retrieved 10 December 2023.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Flufftails, finfoots, rails, trumpeters, cranes, limpkin". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
HBW and BirdLife International (2021) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 6. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v6_Dec21.zip retrieved August 7, 2022
Oppenheimer, M.; Silveira, L.F. (2009). "A taxonomic review of the Dark-winged Trumpeter Psophia viridis (Aves: Gruiformes: Psophiidae)". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo. 49 (41): 547–555. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492009004100001.
Ribas, C.C.; Aleixo, A.; Nogueira, A.C.R.; Miyaki, C.Y.; Cracraft, J. (2011). "A palaeobiogeographic model for biotic diversification within Amazonia over the past three million years". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1729): 681–689. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.1120. PMC 3248724. PMID 21795268.
del Hoyo, J., P.T. Sherman, G. M. Kirwan, N. Collar, D. A. Christie, and C. J. Sharpe (2022). Dark-winged Trumpeter (Psophia viridis), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (B. K. Keeney, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.dawtru1.01.1 retrieved December 1, 2022
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 July 2022. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved July 24, 2022
Potter, A. B. (2020). Gray-winged Trumpeter (Psophia crepitans), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.gywtru1.01 retrieved November 30, 2022
Sherman, P.T., P. F. D. Boesman, C. J. Sharpe, and D. A. Christie (2020). Pale-winged Trumpeter (Psophia leucoptera), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pawtru2.01 retrieved December 1, 2022
BirdLife International. "Green-winged Trumpeter". Retrieved 15 March 2023.
BirdLife International (2016). "Olive-winged Trumpeter Psophia dextralis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T45470698A95157690. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T45470698A95157690.en. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
BirdLife International (2018) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Black-winged Trumpeter Psophia obscura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T45470702A125706121. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T45470702A125706121.en. Retrieved 1 December 2022.