Psephotus pulcherrimus

Psephotus pulcherrimus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Psittaciformes

Familia: Psittaculidae
Genus: Psephotus
Species: Psephotus pulcherrimus
Name

Psephotus pulcherrimus (Gould, 1845)
References

Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist.(1) 15 p.115

Vernacular names
English: Paradise parrot
español: Perico del paraíso
français: Perruche de paradis
日本語: ゴクラクインコ
português: Periquito-do-paraíso
中文: 天堂長尾鸚鵡

The paradise parrot (Psephotellus pulcherrimus) was a colourful medium-sized parrot native to the grassy woodlands extending across the Queensland and New South Wales border area of eastern Australia. Once moderately common within its fairly restricted range, the last live bird was seen in 1927. Extensive and sustained searches in the years since then have failed to produce any reliable evidence of it, and it is the only Australian parrot recorded as disappearing and presumed extinct.
Description

The plumage was extraordinarily colourful, even by parrot standards, a mixture of turquoise, aqua, scarlet, black and brown. The tail was almost the same length as the body, unusual for a bird that, although a rapid flyer, spent almost all of its time on the ground.
Extinct Paradise Parrot (male)
Taxonomy

The description of the species was first published by John Gould in 1845. Gould used the description supplied to him by the field worker John Gilbert, and was suspected to have copied the field notes of Gilbert from a letter that became lost. A letter from Gilbert (May, 1844) describing this parrot was forwarded to Edward Smith-Stanley (Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby), apparently to entice the enthusiast into purchase of specimens in Gould's possession. A copy of the Gilbert letter, written out by Stanley, that emerged from an archive in Liverpool in 1985 showed a correlation in the wording. Two specimens, thought to be from the type series used in the first description, were supplied to Stanley and these are held at the Liverpool Museum. The type specimen resides at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.[3]

Gilbert's diary records his first encounter with the parrot at the Condamine River, where he also obtained specimens. He later met the species at the Comet River to the north, while journeying with the second expedition led by Leichhardt, and made his last recorded sighting in June 1845 at Mitchell River, shortly before he was killed.[3]

The species is allied to genus Psephotellus of the parrot family Psittaculidae, published by Gregory Mathews in 1913, and is the type for that description.[4] A study using genome analysis of museum specimens concluded the closest living species is Psephotellus chrysopterygius, the alwal or golden-shouldered parrot of north eastern Australia.[5]
Ecology

The species was observed in pairs or small family groups, making their nests in hollowed-out termite mounds,[6] often at or near ground level,[citation needed] and feeding, so far as is known, almost exclusively on grass seeds. Some observers state that termitariums were occupied by the same breeding pair in successive years. Less certain is confirmation of holes at riverbanks being tunnelled out by this species. A recorded range of one pair over a month was restricted to an area of two hectares.[6] The nest sites were occasionally reported at termitariums previously occupied by the kingfisher Todiramphus macleayii or in burrows of a kookaburra Dacelo leachii (North, 1889), or at the base of a tree (Campbell, 1901).[7][8]

The reasons for the sudden decline of the paradise parrot remain speculative. Possibilities include overgrazing, land clearing, changed fire regimes, hunting by bird collectors, and predation by introduced mammals like cats and dogs.[citation needed] It became rare towards the end of the 19th century and by 1915 was thought to be possibly extinct. A severe drought in the region during 1902 may have been a factor in its demise, and where the new pastoralist practices were introduced the burning by graziers to encourage fodder for their stock resulted in the loss of seasonal foods.[6]
Illustration by Roland Green, published in Mathew's Birds of Australia, 1917

A collection of these eggs was made at Maryborough and another by George Barnard at Fraser River, A. J. North recorded measurements for these in catalogue of nests and eggs by the Australian Museum (1889). The Maryborough collection were 0.88 × 0.73; 0.86 × 0.71; 0.9 × 0.74 inches and the Barnard collection at Dawson River made September 1883 were 0.86 × 0.71; 0.87 × 0.7; 0.87 × 0.71 inches.[7] Another sample of one 'proper' clutch by A. J. Campbell (1901) reports five eggs in inches as 0.84 × 0.7; 0.84 × 0.67; 0.81 × 0.69; 0.79 × 0.68; and of outliers in size as 0.94 × 0.76 and 0.85 × 0.69 inches. His description of the round oval eggs is having a finely grained pure white shell with a slight gloss, in clutch of four to five eggs.[8]

When comparing the genetic diversity of the Paradise Parrot to genomes of endangered birds, you find that the Paradise Parrot is more genetically diverse than those currently listed as endangered. Research has shown that population size of the Paradise Parrot has dramatically changed with temperature since the last glacial cycle.[5]

A series of searches turned up a few more individuals over the next decade, but the last confirmed sighting was on 14 September 1927.[citation needed]

The Atlas of Australian birds (RAOU, 1984) noted it was not reported in the field during the survey (Field Atlas, 1977–81). The historical reports are commonly from an area in the southeast of Queensland, showing a rapid decline after the 1880s. The species had occurred at the Duaringa district until 1902. An attempt to solicit reports from the public in 1918, after a dearth of observations, indicated the presence at several locations. Confirmed sightings were made 1926–27 at widely separated locations of the known range, at Casino, New South Wales (November 1926) and near Ipswich (1927) and Burnett River (November, 1927).[6] Unconfirmed reports from the north of the recorded range may be complicated by misidentified observations of the rare golden-shouldered parrot (Psephotellus chrysopterygius). The early report of occurrence at Mitchell River (Queensland) in 1848 is regarded as reliable, and historical records of local occurrences near Coen and Archer River in the 1920s noted as possible.[6]
Gallery
"Beautiful or Paradise Parrot", Lydon (ill.) Fawcett (engr.) in Green & Dutton, Parrots in Captivity, vol 2. 1884.

video of rotating bird skin specimen. Naturalis Biodiversity Center, acquisition of 1862

Two individuals by a nest, 1922
Nest, 1922

"Ant hillock, showing nest of the beautiful parrakeet, from a photo by D. Le Souef"[8]
Specimen at the Australian Museum

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psephotus pulcherrimus.
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Psephotellus pulcherrimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685156A93061054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685156A93061054.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
Fisher, C.T.; Warr, F.E. (2003). "Museums on paper: Library & manuscript resources". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 123A (2003 Conference): 142. ISSN 0007-1595.
Mathews, G. (1913). "New generic names, with some notes on others". Austral Avian Record; A Scientific Journal Devoted Primarily to the Study of the Australian Avifauna. 2: 57.
Irestedt, Martin; Ericson, Per G. P.; Johansson, Ulf S.; Oliver, Paul; Joseph, Leo; Blom, Mozes P. K. (15 April 2019). "No Signs of Genetic Erosion in a 19th Century Genome of the Extinct Paradise Parrot (Psephotellus pulcherrimus)". Diversity. 11 (4): 58. doi:10.3390/d11040058. hdl:10072/387076.
Blakers, M.; Davies, S.J.J.F.; Reilly, P.N. (1984). Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (ed.). The Atlas of Australian Birds (1st ed.). Carlton, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84285-2.
North, Alfred John (1889). Descriptive catalogue of the nests & eggs of birds found breeding in Australia and Tasmania. [Catalogue no. 12]. Sydney: Australian Museum. p. 261. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.56932. hdl:2027/hvd.32044106223472.

Campbell, Archibald James (1901). Nests and eggs of Australian birds, including the geographical distribution of the species and popular observations thereon, by Archibald James Campbell .... With map, 28 coloured plates and 131 photographic illustrations. Vol. 2. Printed for the author by Pawson & Brailsford. pp. 645–46. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.7525.

Glimpses of Paradise: The Quest for the Beautiful Parakeet, Penny Olsen ISBN 978-0-642-27652-0, Canberra: National Library of Australia, 2007