Prunella collaris (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Prunellidae
Genus: Prunella
Species: Prunella collaris
Subspecies: P. c. collaris – P. c. erythropygia – P. c. fennelli – P. c. montana – P. c. nipalensis – P. c. rufilata – P. c. subalpina – P. c. tibetana – P. c. whymperi
Name
Prunella collaris (Scopoli, 1769)
Synonyms
Sturnus collaris (protonym)
Distribution
P. c. collaris: Northwestern Africa; mountains of western and central Europe, south to Italy, Slovenia, and northeastern Serbia, and east to the Carpathian Mountains
P. c. subalpina: Mountains of southeast Europe to Crete and w Turkey
P. c. montana: Caucasus Mountains to northern Iraq and southern Iran
P. c. rufilata: Tajikistan to northern Afghanistan, western China (western Xinjiang) and southeast Tibet
P. c. whymperi: West Himalayas (Kashmir to Garhwal and Kumaon)
P. c. nipalensis: E Himalayas to southeast China (eastern Xinjiang to northern Yunnan) and southeastern Tibet
P. c. tibetana: NW China (n Xinjiang, s Qinghai and Gansu) to e Tibet
P. c. erythropygia: Altai Mountains to n China, Sea of Okhotsk, Korea and Japan
P. c. fennelli: Mountains of Taiwan
References
Annus I-(V) Historico-Naturalis: 131.
eBird/Clements Checklist v2018 from http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/
Vernacular names
العربية: عصفور الشوك الصنوبري
Boarisch: Oipnlerchn
български: Пъстрогуша завирушка
brezhoneg: Gwrac'hig-venez
català: Cercavores
čeština: Pěvuška podhorní
Deutsch: Alpenbraunelle
English: Alpine Accentor
Esperanto: Alpopronelo
español: Acentor alpino
eesti: Mägiraat
euskara: Mendi-tuntun
فارسی: صعوه کوهی
suomi: Alppirautiainen
føroyskt: Heltnarjarntítlingur
français: Accenteur alpin
galego: Azulenta alpina
magyar: Havasi szürkebegy
հայերեն: Ալպիական նրբագեղիկ
italiano: Sordone
日本語: イワヒバリ
ქართული: ალპური ჭვინტაკა
қазақша: Cұржон содырғы
македонски: Алпско попче
монгол: Тагийн хайруулдай
नेपाली: हिमाली लेकचरी
Nederlands: Alpenheggenmus
norsk nynorsk: Alpejernsporv
norsk: Alpejernspurv
occitan: Pegòt
polski: Płochacz halny
português: Ferreirinha-alpina
русский: Альпийская завирушка
svenska: Alpjärnsparv
Türkçe: Büyük dağ bülbülü
українська: Тинівка альпійська
中文（繁體）: 岩鷚
中文: 领岩鹨
The alpine accentor (Prunella collaris) is a small passerine bird in the family Prunellidae, which is native to Eurasia and North Africa.
Taxonomy
The Alpine accentor was described by the Austrian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1769. He coined the binomial name Sturnus collaris and specified the type locality as the Carinthia region of southern Austria.[2] The specific epithet is from the Latin collaris "of the neck".[3] This species is now placed in the genus Prunella that was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1816.[4] The Alpine accentor, along with the Altai accentor is sometimes separated from the other accentors, into the genus Laiscopus.[5]
The word "accentor" is from post-classical Latin and means a person who sings with another.[6] The genus name Prunella is from the German Braunelle, "dunnock", a diminutive of braun, "brown".[7]
Nine subspecies are recognised:[8]
P. c. collaris (Scopoli, 1769) — southwest Europe to Slovenia and the Carpathians, northwest Africa
P. c. subalpina (Brehm, CL, 1831) — Croatia to Bulgaria and Greece, Crete and southwest Turkey
P. c. montana (Hablizl, 1783) — north and east Turkey to the Caucasus and Iran
P. c. rufilata (Severtzov, 1879) — northeast Afghanistan and north Pakistan through the mountains of central Asia to west China
P. c. whymperi (Baker, ECS, 1915) — west Himalayas
P. c. nipalensis (Blyth, 1843) — central and east Himalayas to southcentral China and north Myanmar
P. c. tibetana (Bianchi, 1905) — east Tibet
P. c. erythropygia (R. Swinhoe, 1870) — east Kazakhstan and southcentral Siberia to northeast Siberia, Japan, Korea and northeast China
P. c. fennelli Deignan, 1964 — Taiwan
Description
P. c. nipalensis at Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary in East Sikkim, India
This is a robin-sized bird at 15–17.5 cm (5.9–6.9 in) in length, slightly larger than its relative, the dunnock. It has a streaked brown back, somewhat resembling a house sparrow, but adults have a grey head and red-brown spotting on the underparts. It has an insectivore's fine pointed bill.
Sexes are similar, although the male may be contrasted in appearance. Young birds have browner heads and underparts.
Distribution of Prunella collaris
Distribution and habitat
It is found throughout the mountains of southern temperate Europe, Lebanon[9] and Asia at heights above 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[10] It is mainly resident, wintering more widely at lower latitudes, but some birds wander as rare vagrants as far as Great Britain.
It is a bird of bare mountain areas with some low vegetation.
Breeding
Prunella collaris collaris - MHNT
It builds a neat nest low in a bush or rock crevice, laying 3–5 unspotted sky-blue eggs.
The mating system is of particular interest. Home ranges are occupied by breeding groups of 3 or 4 males with 3 or 4 females. These are unrelated birds which have a socially polygynandrous mating system. Males have a dominance hierarchy, with the alpha males being generally older than subordinates. Females seek matings with all the males, although the alpha male may defend her against matings from lower ranking males. In turn, males seek matings with all the females. DNA fingerprinting has been used to show that, within broods, there is often mixed paternity, although the female is always the true mother of the nestlings raised within her nest. Males will provide food to chicks at several nests within the group, depending on whether they have mated with the female or not – males only provide care when they are likely to be the true fathers of the chicks.
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Prunella collaris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22718617A88039291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22718617A88039291.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio (1769). Annus I Historico-Naturalis (in Latin). Lipsiae (Leipzig): C.G. Hilscheri. p. 131.
Jobling, J.A. (2019). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1816). Analyse d'une Nouvelle Ornithologie Élémentaire (in French). Paris: Deterville/self. p. 43.
HBW volume 10, page 496
"Accentor". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 318. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
"Home". lebanonhunt.com.
Fareast Russian Birds
Further reading
Cramp, Stanley; et al., eds. (1988). "Prunella collaris Alpine Accentor". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume V: Tyrant Flycatchers to Thrushes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 574–585. ISBN 978-0-19-857508-5.
Davies, N.B.; Hartley, I.R.; Hatchwell, B.J.; Desrochers, A.; Skeer, J.; Nebel, D. (1995). "The polygynandrous mating system of the alpine accentor Prunella collaris. I. Ecological causes and reproductive conflicts". Animal Behaviour. 49 (3): 769–788. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80209-6. S2CID 53146123.
Hartley, I.R.; Davies, N.B.; Hatchwell, B.J.; Desrochers, A.; Nebel, D.; Burke, T. (1995). "The polygynandrous mating system of the alpine accentor Prunella collaris. II. Multiple paternity and parental effort". Animal Behaviour. 49 (3): 789–803. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80210-X. S2CID 53259972.
Davies, N.B.; Hartley, I.R.; Hatchwell, B.J.; Langmore, N.E. (1996). "Female control of copulations to maximise male help: a comparison of polygynandrous alpine accentors Prunella collaris and dunnocks Prunella modularis" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 51 (1): 27–47. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0003. S2CID 59505497.
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