Pluvialis fulva (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Charadrii
Familia: Charadriidae
Genus: Pluvialis
Species: Pluvialis fulva
Name
Pluvialis fulva (Gmelin, 1789)
References
Systema Naturae 1 (2): 687.
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Asiatiese Goue Strandkiewiet
العربية: زقزاق الباسيفيك رهيز
brezhoneg: Morlivid rous
català: Daurada petita del Pacífic
čeština: Kulík pacifický
dansk: Sibirisk tundrahjejle
Deutsch: Pazifischer Goldregenpfeifer
English: Pacific Golden Plover
Esperanto: Siberia orpluvio
español: Chorlito Dorado Siberiano
eesti: Tundrarüüt
euskara: Daurada petita del Pacífic
suomi: Siperiankurmitsa
français: Pluvier fauve
Hawaiʻi: Kolea
עברית: חופזי
magyar: Ázsiai pettyeslile
Bahasa Indonesia: Cerek kernyut
íslenska: Glitlóa
italiano: Piviere dorato del Pacifico
日本語: アジアムナグロ
қазақша: Қошқылқанат татрењ
한국어: 검은가슴물떼새
lietuvių: Tundrinis sėjikas
монгол: Азийн шаргал сүвээ цагаан
Bahasa Melayu: Rapang Kerinyut
Nederlands: Aziatische Goudplevier
norsk: Sibirlo
polski: Siewka złotawa
português: Tarambola-dourada-siberiana
русский: Азиатская бурокрылая
slovenčina: Kulík brnavokrídly
slovenščina: Sibirska prosenka
shqip: Gjelaci siberian ngjyrëarte
svenska: Sibirisk tundrapipare
ไทย: นกหัวโตหลังจุดสีทอง
lea faka-Tonga: Kiu koula
Türkçe: Küçük altın yağmurcun
українська: Бурокрила сивка
Tiếng Việt: Choi choi vàng
中文（繁體）: 金斑鴴
The Pacific golden plover (Pluvialis fulva) is a migratory shorebird that breeds during Alaska and Siberia summers. During nonbreeding season, this medium-sized plover migrates widely across the Pacific.
Taxonomy
The Pacific golden plover was formally described by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1788 in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. Gmelin coined the binomial name Charadrius fulvus.[2] Gmelin based his description on the "Fulvous plover" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham.[3] The Pacific plover is now placed in the genus Pluvialis that was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[4] The genus name is Latin and means relating to rain, from pluvia, "rain". It was believed that the plovers flocked when rain was imminent. The specific epithet is also from Latin and means "tawny" or "yellowish-brown".[5]
Description
Adults are about 25 cm (9.8 in) long with a wingspan averaging 61 cm (24 in) At their lightest, fat free, the birds weigh around 135 g (4.8 oz) In March, the birds begin gaining weight. Before leaving for their Arctic breeding grounds, the birds weigh about 7 ounces (198 g.)[6]
In breeding plumage, the male is spotted gold and black on the crown, back, and wings. Face and neck are black bordered with white, breast is black, rump is dark. Bill is black, legs are gray to black. Female similar but black breast mottled and less distinct.
In nonbreeding plumage, sexes look identical. The black on the face and breast bordered by white is replaced with dark brown, gray, and yellowish patterning and lighter underparts.
Molt to breeding plumage begins in March and April, prior to migration. Molt to nonbreeding plumage begins in the Arctic during egg incubation.
Downy chicks are spotted gold and black on head and back with whitish yellow underparts. Legs and feet adult size at hatching.
Similar birds are the European Golden-Plover, Pluvialis apricaria, and the American Golden-Plover, Pluvialis dominica. The Pacific golden plover is more similar to the American golden plover, with which it was once considered the lesser golden plover.[7] The Pacific Golden-Plover is slimmer than the American golden plover, has longer legs, and usually has more yellow on the back.
Distribution and habitat
The Pacific golden plover is migratory, breeds during May, June, and July in Alaska and Siberia. Migrates south to Asia, Australasia, and Pacific islands in August and September, and stays until April or May. A rare vagrant to western Europe.
Although a shorebird, the Pacific Golden-Plover feeds mostly inland, preferring open spaces with short vegetation.[6] During the breeding season, the Arctic tundra provides insects and berries for food, and effective camouflage for predator avoidance.
In Hawaii, Pacific golden plovers have adapted remarkably to human presence and to human alteration of the natural environment including, backyards, parks, cemeteries, rooftops, pastures, and golf courses. Because kōlea are site-faithful, each bird returns to, and defends, the same territory year after year, resulting in people observing the comings and goings of the kōlea with special interest. Some observers name and feed their birds, and some birds become tame around their caretakers. The oldest kōlea recorded lived to be at least 21 years, 3 months; its age was unknown at banding.[6]
Kōlea are the subject of a Hawaii Audubon Society’s citizen science project called Kōlea Count, www.koleacount.org. The birds’ habit of returning to the same territory each year allows scientists in Hawaiʻi to attach tiny light level geolocator devices to the birds and retrieve them the following year in the same location. Such research showed that the birds made the 3,000-mile (4,800 km) nonstop flight between Alaska and Hawaiʻi in 3-4 days.[8]
Pacific golden plovers gather in flocks some days prior to migrating north, and fly at altitudes of 3,000 feet (about 1 km) to as high as 16,000 feet (4.88 km).[6] Some birds do not migrate. These are usually first-year, older, injured individuals, or birds without enough fat reserves to make the journey.
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding
The Pacific golden plover breeds in Arctic tundra areas of Siberia and western Alaska. Males usually arrive first, possibly returning to, and defending, the same territory each year. Some male and female appear to arrive paired.[9] Females have been observed searching for breeding partners on the tundra. The male builds a nest of lichen, moss, and grasses, in shallow scrapes on the ground in a dry open area. The female lays 4 eggs, buff-colored with splotches of black and brown. Male and female share incubation, care of young, and defense from foxes and avian predators.
Soon after hatching, chicks leave the nest to forage, returning to the parent birds to seek warmth and shelter. When juveniles are capable of flight around 26-28 days after hatching, parent birds begin to leave to migrate south.[9] Females usually depart first. Flocks of juveniles remain, making the migration sometimes as late as October and November depending on Arctic weather. First year birds migrate by instinct, confronting the vagaries of weather during their long southward flights. Once landed, they must compete with each other and established adults for foraging ground.
Food and feeding
Forages on tundra, in mowed grass, and on beaches and tidal flats, eating nearly anything that crawls including insects, spiders, mollusks, crustaceans, and small reptiles, as well as berries, leaves, and seeds. Foraging pace is a repeated run-stop-peck.[6] Most wintering birds feed singly within an established territory. Non-territorial birds feed in loose groups.
Conservation
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species dated 10/01/16 assessed the Pacific golden plover to be a species of Least Concern globally.[1] However, the population trend is decreasing, the main threat being a global shift in habitat and alteration due to climate change and severe weather.
References
BirdLife International (2019). "Pluvialis fulva". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22693735A155529922. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693735A155529922.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 687.
Latham, John (1785). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 3, Part 1. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 211, no. 17.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 46, Vol. 5, p. 42.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London. pp. 311, 166. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Johnson, Oscar W.; Scott, Susan (2016). Hawai'i's Kōlea: The Amazing Transpacific Life of the Pacific Golden-Plover. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6696-9.
Sangster, G.; Knox, A.G.; Helbig, A.J.; Parkin, D.T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds". Ibis. 144 (1): 153–159. doi:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x.
Johnson, O.W.; Fielding, L.; Fox, J.W.; Gold, R.S.; Goodwill, R.H.; Johnson, P.M. "Tracking the migrations of Pacific Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis fulva) between Hawaii and Alaska: New insight on flight performance, breeding ground destinations, and nesting from birds carrying light level geolocators". Wader Study Group Bulletin. 118 (1): 26–31.
Johnson, O.W.; Connors, P.G.; Pyle, P. (2021). Rodewald, P.G.; Keeney, B.K.; Billerman, S.M. (eds.). "Pacific Golden-Plover (Pluvialis fulva), version 1.1". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
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