Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Thraupidae
Genus: Pinaroloxias
Species: Pinaroloxias inornata
Name
Pinaroloxias inornata (Gould, 1843)
Type locality: Cocos Island, Costa Rica.
Synonyms
Cactornis inornata (protonym)
Cocornis agassizi Townsend, 1895 Bull.Mus.Comp.Zool. p. 124 BHL
References
Gould, J. 1843. Nine New Birds, collected during the recent voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Pt. 11 no.126:103–108. BHL Reference page. Original description p. 104 BHL
Links
IUCN: Pinaroloxias inornata (Vulnerable)
Vernacular names
български: Чинка на Кокосовия остров
Cymraeg: Pila Ynys Cocos
English: Cocos finch
español: Pinzón de Darwin de la Cocos
فارسی: سهره نارگیل
suomi: Kookossaarensirkku
français: Spizin de Cocos
עברית: פרוש אי הקוקוס
magyar: Kókuszpinty
lietuvių: Kokosinė starta
Nederlands: Cocosvink
polski: Kokośnik
svenska: cocosfink
українська: Кокосовий в'юрок
The Cocos finch or Cocos Island finch (Pinaroloxias inornata) is the only one of the Darwin's finches not native to the Galápagos Islands, and the only member of the genus Pinaroloxias. Sometimes classified in the family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown it to belongs in the tanager family, Thraupidae. It is endemic to Cocos Island, a Pacific island which is approximately 360 miles (580 km) south of Costa Rica.
Taxonomy
The Cocos finch was formally described in 1843 by the English ornithologist John Gould under the binomial name Cactornis inornatus.[2] The species was moved to a new genus Pinaroloxias by Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1885.[3] The genus name combines the Ancient Greek pinaros meaning "dirty" or "squalid" with Loxia, a genus introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the crossbills. The specific epithet inornata is Latin for "plain" or "unadorned".[4] The Cocos finch is a member of a group collectively known as Darwin's finches.[5] Although traditionally placed with the buntings and New World sparrows in the family Emberizidae,[6] molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Darwin's finches are members of the subfamily Coerebinae within the tanager family Thraupidae.[7] The Cocos finch was first categorized to be closer to the warbler finch clade due to the similar morphology of cousin warbler finches.[8][9]
The Cocos finch shares many morphological similarities to other Darwin's finches despite having been separated from the Galapagos Islands.[10] What is unique, however, of the Cocos finch, is that they display an inter-species variation in feeding habits. The variation in foraging behaviors are hypothesized to be possible by observational learning from other Cocos finches.[10][11] These feeding specializations are independent of any morphological changes, sex and age differences, rather, they are derived from an inter-species variation found within the Cocos finch. Still, despite its variation in feeding patterns, Cocos finches are categorized as one species with no known subspecies.[11]
Description
The Cocos finch stands at about 12 cm long weighing in at about 12.5 g. The bird has a black decurved pointed bill for eating berries and insects that are its main diet.[10][12][13] They are sexually dimorphic in that the males have almost entirely black, having black feathers from the tail, breast, nape, and crown. Unlike male finches found on the Galapágos islands, male Cocos finches have black beaks year-round, never changing color.[12][14][13]
Female Cocos finches have a lighter brown complexion compared to males. There is a black splattering of feathers on their breast area down to the flank and rump. The belly of the female Cocos finch is milky white compared to the mantle of the bird. The nape and crown area are more noticeably black.[12][15][13] The young are similar, but have yellow bills.
The call of a Cocos finch can be described as a "buzzy" like sound with a high-pitched ending note. The beginning of the call can form a “djirr” sound followed by a high pitched “tiew” sound. Calls can also include a high pitched “phzzzz” sound.[13][12]
Distribution and habitat
Cocos Island viewed from a helicopter
The Cocos finch is exclusively found in Cocos Island (which takes up a 1,997 km2 area), 580 km southeast from Costa Rica.[12][16] Cocos finches are not known to have traveled outside of Cocos Island making its habitat and reproduction range to only be 30 km2 of the entire island.[12] The habitat of the Cocos finch is mostly within Hibiscus thickets, closed-canopy forest and woodland forest.[12][13]
The climate within Cocos Island is described to be a typical rain forest climate with high humidity and chances for rainfall. The island has a varied landscape with bodies of lakes, streams, and caves and is home to other species including endemic lizards (only 2 species) and some migratory birds.[16]
Ecology and behavior
Foraging patterns
Cocos finches are known to be a generalist species, although they are also known to specialize in an individual level which can result in different foraging behaviors within individual Cocos finches.[10] This specialized behavior of Cocos finches can be explained through learning foraging patterns through other Cocos finches and can resonate said individual behavior to other Cocos Finches.[10][11]
Breeding
Cocos finch usually nest throughout the year; however, their breeding season falls usually at around January–February.[16][17] They form a nest using lichen and dry moss as their main material. The standard clutch is two brown-spotted white eggs, which are hatched in a roughly spherical nest built at the end of a tree branch. Eggs are in clutch sizes of about 4–5 with a distinctive pink/light brown spots.[13][14]
Threats
Cocos finches face invasive mammalian predators, like rats and cats, on the island. Despite these predators, there is no evidence of high predatory pressures on the Cocos finches themselves. Scientists conclude that due to the low predatory pressures on Cocos finches, they have developed this specialized feeding behavior to evolve to a more generalist species.[11][12]
Status
Cocos Island is a natural reserved island, such that there is limited human interaction with the Cocos finch and other Cocos Island wildlife. While there has been increasing tourism around the island, there is no evidence of high disturbance rates from these tourists to affect the wildlife in the island including the Cocos finch.[12][18]
Despite having a small distribution, due to the predation and disturbance rate of Cocos finches being low, along with a steady population rate, the IUCN deems the Cocos finch to be Least Concern.[19][18]
Currently, there are estimated to be about 6,000-15,000 Cocos finches on Cocos Island.[1][18][19]
References
BirdLife International (2021). "Pinaroloxias inornata". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. e.T22723792A180221867. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22723792A180221867.en. S2CID 245185398.
Gould, John (1844). The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur : under the command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher, during the years 1836-42. London: Smith, Elder. p. 42, Plate 25. For the publication date see: Zimmer, John T. (1926). Catalogue of the Edward E. Ayer Ornithological Library. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology Series. Volume 16, Part 1. Vol. 16. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History. p. 304..
Sharpe, R. Bowdler (1885). Catalogue of the Passeriformes or Perching Birds in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes Part I. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum. Vol. 10. London: Trustees of the British Museum. p. 52.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 205, 307. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Sato, A.; Tichy, H.; O'hUigin, C.; Grant, P.R.; Grant, B.R.; Klein, J. (2001). "On the origin of Darwin's Finches". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (3): 299–311. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003806. PMID 11230531.
Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 168.
Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.
Grant, Peter; Grant, B. Rosemary (2002). "Adaptive Radiation of Darwin's Finches". American Scientist. 90 (2): 130. Bibcode:2002AmSci..90..130G. doi:10.1511/2002.2.130. ISSN 0003-0996.
Schluter, Dolph (September 1984). "Morphological and Phylogenetic Relations Among the Darwin's Finches". Evolution. 38 (5): 921–930. doi:10.2307/2408428. JSTOR 2408428. PMID 28555805.
Werner, T. K.; Sherry, T. W. (1987-08-01). "Behavioral feeding specialization in Pinaroloxias inornata, the "Darwin's Finch" of Cocos Island, Costa Rica". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 84 (15): 5506–5510. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.5506W. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.15.5506. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 298888. PMID 16593864.
Smith, James N. M.; Sweatman, Hugh P. A. (1976). "Feeding habits and morphological variation in Cocos Finches". The Condor. 78 (2): 244. doi:10.2307/1366860. JSTOR 1366860.
"Cocos Finch Pinaroloxias inornata". Data Zone. Bird Life International. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2019-12-05.
Grant, Peter R. (March 2002). "Birds, Mammals, & Reptiles of the Galápagos Islands: An Identification Guide. By Andy Swash and, Rob Still; with illustrations by Ian Lewington. New Haven (Connecticut): Yale University Press. $24.95. 168 p; ill.; index of English and scientific names. 2000". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 77 (1): 79–79. doi:10.1086/343641. ISBN 0-300-08864-7. ISSN 0033-5770.
Hudon, Jocelyn (January 1987). "Guide des passereaux granivores. Embérizinés Gilbert C. Armani". The Auk. 104 (1): 152–153. doi:10.2307/4087255. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4087255.
"Cocos Island Finch Pinaroloxias inornata (Gould, 1843)". Avibase - The World Bird Database. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
"Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica", Dictionary of Geotourism, Springer Singapore, 2019-11-11, pp. 91–92, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-2538-0_368, ISBN 978-981-13-2537-3, S2CID 242743344
Raffaele, Herbert A. (September 1990). "A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica.F. Gary Stiles , Alexander F. Skutch". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 65 (3): 365–366. doi:10.1086/416883. ISSN 0033-5770.
Butchart, Stuart H M; Stattersfield, Alison J; Bennun, Leon A; Shutes, Sue M; Akçakaya, H Resit; Baillie, Jonathan E M; Stuart, Simon N; Hilton-Taylor, Craig; Mace, Georgina M (2004-10-26). Walt V Reid (ed.). "Measuring Global Trends in the Status of Biodiversity: Red List Indices for Birds". PLOS Biology. 2 (12): e383. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020383. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 524254. PMID 15510230.
Birds to watch 2: the world list of threatened birds: the official source for birds on the IUCN red list. 1996-10-01. pp. 34–0930c-34–0930c.
Stiles, F. G.; Skutch, A. F. (October 1989). A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4.
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