Phylloscopus inornatus

Phylloscopus inornatus (*)

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Sylvioidea

Familia: Phylloscopidae
Genus: Phylloscopus
Species: Phylloscopus inornatus
Name

Phylloscopus inornatus (Blyth, 1842)
Synonymy

Regulus inornatus (protonym)

References

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 11: 191.

Vernacular names
العربية: نقشارة صفراء الحاجب
български: Жълтовежд певец
brezhoneg: Puig abrantek
català: Mosquiter de doble ratlla
čeština: Budníček pruhohlavý
Cymraeg: Telor aelfelyn
dansk: Hvidbrynet Løvsanger
Deutsch: Gelbbrauen-Laubsänger
English: Yellow-browed Warbler
Esperanto: Flavbrova filoskopo
español: Mosquitero bilistado
eesti: Vööt-lehelind
euskara: Txio marrabiko
فارسی: سسک ابروزرد
suomi: Taigauunilintu
føroyskt: Nilksljómari
français: Pouillot à grands sourcils
עברית: עלווית צהובת-גבות
magyar: Vándorfüzike
Bahasa Indonesia: Cikrak polos
íslenska: Hnoðrasöngvari
italiano: Luì forestiero
日本語: キマユムシクイ
қазақша: Арай сарықас
한국어: 노랑눈썹솔새
lietuvių: Geltonbruvė pečialinda
latviešu: Dzeltensvītru ķauķītis
македонски: Шаренокрилест свиркач
മലയാളം: മഞ്ഞപ്പുരികൻ ഇലക്കുരുവി
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Cekup Daun Paruh Pendek
नेपाली: हरित फिस्टो
Nederlands: Bladkoning
norsk: Gulbrynsanger
polski: Świstunka żółtawa
português: Felosa-listada
română: Pitulice cu sprânceană galbenă
русский: Пеночка-зарничка
davvisámegiella: Taigalastavizar
slovenčina: Kolibiarik žltkastotemenný
slovenščina: Mušja listnica
српски / srpski: Шаренокрили азијски звиждак
svenska: Tajgasångare
ไทย: นกกระจิ๊ดธรรมดา
українська: Вівчарик лісовий
Tiếng Việt: Chích mày lớn
中文: 黃眉柳鶯

The yellow-browed warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus) is a leaf warbler (family Phylloscopidae) which breeds in the east Palearctic. This warbler is strongly migratory and winters mainly in tropical South Asia and South-east Asia, but also in small numbers in western Europe. Like the rest of Phylloscopidae, it was formerly included in the Old World warbler assemblage.[2]

It was formerly considered to comprise three subspecies, but P. i. humei and P. i. mandellii are now split as a separate species, Hume's leaf warbler P. humei, leaving P. inornatus monotypic. The two sister species differ slightly but consistently in morphology, bioacoustics, and molecular characters.[3][4] Before the species was split, the names yellow-browed willow warbler[5] and inornate warbler[6] were used by a few authors.
Taxonomy

The yellow-browed warbler was first described by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1842 and given the binomial name Regulus inornatus.[7][8] The current genus name Phylloscopus is from Ancient Greek phullon, "leaf", and skopos, "seeker" (from skopeo, "to watch"). The specific inornatus is Latin for "plain".[9]
Description
Yellow-browed Warbler wintering in Vietnam
In winter in Hong Kong (China), showing the typical wing and upper head pattern

This is one of the smaller Old World warblers, at 9.5–11 cm long and weighing 4–9 g distinctly smaller than a chiffchaff but slightly larger than Pallas's leaf warbler. Like many other leaf warblers, it has overall greenish upperparts and white underparts. It also has prominent double wing bars formed by yellowish-white tips to the wing covert feathers (a long bar on the greater coverts and a short bar on the median coverts), yellow-margined tertial feathers, and long yellow supercilium. Some individuals also have a faint paler green central crown stripe though many do not show this.[2][4][10]

It is not shy, but its arboreal life style makes it difficult to observe. It is almost constantly in motion. Its song is a high-pitched medley of whistles; the call is piercing, often disyllabic "tseeweest", strikingly loud for the bird's small size. The only real possibility of confusion is with the similar-looking Hume's leaf warbler (P. humei), which in the limited area of overlap has duller colours, a faint second wing bar and dark legs and lower mandible. Their songs and calls are clearly distinct, with Hume's having a more chirping "chwee" call. It can easily be distinguished from Pallas's warbler as it does not have the conspicuous yellow central crown stripe and rump patch shown by that species.[2][4]
Ecology and distribution

Like most warblers, it is insectivorous. The nest is built in dense vegetation often at the base of a tree or old stump; two to four (occasionally more) eggs are laid, hatching after 11–14 days, with the chicks fledging when 12–13 days old.[2]

This is an abundant bird of lowland and montane forests and woodlands; particularly in winter it may also be found in more open woods. Its breeding range extends from just west of the Ural Mountains eastwards to eastern Siberia, Mongolia and Northeast China. Its winter habitat is lowland broadleaf or coniferous forest, from West Bengal and Assam in northeastern India east through southern China to Taiwan, and through Bangladesh south to the Malay Peninsula. In summer, it occurs at altitudes of up to 2,440 m, and in winter, up to 1,525 m.[2]

The European breeding population west of the Urals has increased westwards in recent decades; in 1950 it was described as 'fairly scarce', but 'locally abundant' with 45,000–46,000 pairs in 1990.[10]

Small numbers, most likely from the western end of the breeding range, regularly winter in western Europe. These arrive in Great Britain in late September and October after a 3,000–3,500 km migration from the Urals, a markedly shorter distance than the 5,500–6,000 km they would need to fly to reach the normal wintering areas in southeastern Asia. Exact numbers in this population are unknown, but typically several hundred are found arriving in Great Britain each autumn; given their unobtrusive behaviour, this is probably only a fraction of the total. In the past widely considered to be vagrants, these birds are now thought to be undertaking a normal regular migration, able to take advantage of the mild oceanic climate winters on the western fringes of Europe for wintering.[11]

A common species in most of its wide range, the yellow-browed warbler is not considered threatened by the IUCN.[12]

Hume's leaf warbler overlaps its breeding range with yellow-browed warbler in the western Sayan Mountains, but the species apparently do not hybridise. Their lineages diverged roughly 2.5 million years ago.[13]
Footnotes

BirdLife International. (2019). "Phylloscopus inornatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22715310A146638886. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22715310A146638886.en. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
Hoyo, J. del; et al., eds. (2006). Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol. 11. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 660. ISBN 84-96553-06-X.
Alström & Olsson (1988), Shirihai & Madge (1993), Irwin et al. (2001), Sangster et al. (2002)
Svensson, L., Mullarney, K., & Zetterström, D. (2010). Collins Bird Guide, 2nd ed. HarperCollins ISBN 978-0-00-726814-6.
Cheng Tso-hsin (1987). A Synopsis of the Avifauna of China. Science Press, Beijing ISBN 3-490-12518-5.
e.g. King, B., Woodcock, M., & Dickinson, E. C. (1975). A Field Guide to the Birds of South-east Asia. Collins ISBN 0-00-219206-3.
Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1986). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 11. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 240.
Blyth, Edward (1842). "Notes on various Indian and Malaysian birds". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 11 (1): 191.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 205, 305. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Snow, D. W.; Perrins, C. M. (1998). The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854099-X.
Gilroy, J. J.; Lees, A. C. (2003). "Vagrancy theories: are autumn vagrants really reverse migrants?". British Birds. 96: 427–438.
BLI (2008)

Ernst (1996), Irwin et al. (2001)

References

Alström, Per; Olsson, U (1988). "Taxonomy of Yellow-browed Warblers". Br. Birds. 81: 656–657.
Ernst, S. (1996): Zweiter Beitrag zur Vogelwelt des Östlichen Altai ["Second contribution regarding the avifauna of the Sayan Mountains"]. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Berlin 72, Suppl. Ann. Ornithol. 20: 123–180 [In German].
Inskipp, Carol; Inskipp, Tim & Sherub (2000): The ornithological importance of Thrumshingla National Park, Bhutan. Forktail 14: 147–162.
Irwin, D.E.; Alström, Per; Olsson, U.; Benowitz-Fredericks, Z.M. (2001). "Cryptic species in the genus Phylloscopus (Old World leaf warblers)" (PDF). Ibis. 143 (2): 233–247. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2001.tb04479.x.
Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J.; Parkin, David T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds". Ibis. 144 (1): 153–159. doi:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x.
Shirihai, H.; Madge, S. (1993). "Identification of Hume's Yellow-browed Warbler". Birding World. 6: 439–443.