Phylloscopus bonelli

Phylloscopus bonelli (*)

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Sylvioidea

Familia: Phylloscopidae
Genus: Phylloscopus
Species: Phylloscopus bonelli
Name

Phylloscopus bonelli (Vieillot, 1819)
Synonymy

Sylvia bonelli (protonym)

References

Vieillot, L.P. 1819. Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc. Par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs. Avec des figures tirées des trois règnes de la nature. Tome 28. 570 pp. +11 tt. Déterville, Paris. p. 91 BHL Reference page. .

Vernacular names
العربية: نقشارة بونللي
български: Планински певец
brezhoneg: Puig-Bonelli
català: Mosquiter pàl·lid
čeština: Budníček horský
Cymraeg: Telor Bonelli
Deutsch: Berglaubsänger
English: Western Bonelli's Warbler
Esperanto: Montofitiso
español: Mosquitero papialbo
euskara: Txio lepazuri
فارسی: سسک غربی بونلی
suomi: Vuoriuunilintu
føroyskt: Eyggulríputur ljómari
français: Pouillot de Bonelli
galego: Picafollas de Bonelli
magyar: Bonelli-füzike
italiano: Luì bianco
Nederlands: Bergfluiter
norsk: Eikesanger
polski: Świstunka górska
português: Felosa-de-bonelli
русский: Светлобрюхая пеночка
slovenčina: Kolibiarik horský
svenska: Bergsångare
Türkçe: Boz çıvgın
українська: Вівчарик світлочеревий

The western Bonelli's warbler (Phylloscopus bonelli) is a warbler in the leaf warbler genus Phylloscopus. It was formerly regarded as the western subspecies of a wider "Bonelli's warbler" species, but as a result of modern taxonomic developments, they are now usually considered to be two species:[2][3]

Western Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus bonelli, which breeds in southwest Europe and north Africa
Eastern Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus orientalis, which breeds in southeast Europe and Asia Minor

The breeding ranges of the two species do not overlap; while their appearance and songs are very similar, the calls are completely different (see below). They also show marked difference in mtDNA sequence.[4]

The species is migratory, wintering in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a rare vagrant in Northern Europe.

The genus name Phylloscopus is from Ancient Greek phullon, "leaf", and skopos, "seeker" (from skopeo, "to watch").[5] The English name and the specific bonelli are for the Italian ornithologist Franco Andrea Bonelli.[6]
Description
Western Bonelli's warbler at Aosta Valley, Italy

Western Bonelli's warbler is a small passerine bird, found in forest and woodland. Four to six eggs are laid in a nest on the ground. The eggs are white with reddish-brown markings and are laid in clutches of 3-5 eggs. The incubation period is around 14 days long, and the chicks fledge after 10-14 days.[7] Cuckoo nest predation and brood parasitism are major hazards to the breeding success of western Bonelli's warblers.[8] Like most warblers, western Bonelli's warbler is insectivorous.

The adult has a plain grey-green back, green-toned rump and wings and whitish underparts. The bill is small and pointed and the legs brown. The sexes are identical, as with most warblers.

The western Bonelli's warbler has a browner tinge to the upperparts than the eastern Bonelli's warbler; the latter sometimes has a greenish tinge instead. The song is a fast monotone trill, only slightly different from eastern Bonelli's, and also with some similarity to the wood warbler. The call of the western Bonelli's warbler is a disyllabic hu-it, differing from that of the eastern Bonelli's warbler which is a hard chup, reminiscent of a crossbill or a house sparrow.[9]
Phylloscopus bonelli - MHNT
References

BirdLife International. (2016). "Phylloscopus bonelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22715255A87665883. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22715255A87665883.en. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
Parkin, David T. (2003): Birding and DNA: species for the new millennium. Bird Study 50(3): 223–242. HTML abstract
Sangster, George; Knox, Alan G.; Helbig, Andreas J. & Parkin, David T. (2002): "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds. " Ibis 144(1): 153–159.
Helbig, A. J.; Seibold, I.; Martens, J. & Wink, M. (1995): Genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of Bonelli's Warbler Phylloscopus bonelli and Green Warbler P. nitidus. J. Avian Biol. 26: 139–153.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael (2003). Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds. London: Christopher Helm. p. 59.
Roncalli, Gianluca; Ibáñez-Álamo, Juan Diego; Soler, Manuel (2016-07-02). "Breeding biology of Western Bonelli's Warblers Phylloscopus bonelli in the Mediterranean region". Bird Study. 63 (3): 413–424. doi:10.1080/00063657.2016.1215408. ISSN 0006-3657. S2CID 88649351.
Roncalli, Gianluca; Ibáñez-Álamo, Juan Diego; Soler, Manuel (2016-07-02). "Breeding biology of Western Bonelli's Warblers Phylloscopus bonelli in the Mediterranean region". Bird Study. 63 (3): 413–424. doi:10.1080/00063657.2016.1215408. ISSN 0006-3657. S2CID 88649351.
Helb, H.-W.; Bergmann, H.-H. & Martens, J. (1982): Acoustic differences between populations of western and eastern Bonelli's Warblers (Phylloscopus bonelli, Sylviidae). Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 38(3): 356–357.