Phalaropus lobatus
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Charadrii
Familia: Scolopacidae
Genus: Phalaropus
Species: Phalaropus lobatus
Name
Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Tringa lobata (protonym)
Lobipes lobatus
Charadrius rubricollis Gmelin, 1789
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 148. Reference page.
Olson, S. L. (1998). Lectotypification of Charadrius rubricollis Gmelin, 1789. Bull BOC 118: 256–259.
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Rooihalsfraiingpoot
العربية: الطيطوى حمراء الرقبة
asturianu: Falaropu Picofinu
azərbaycanca: Dəyirmidimdik üzər
беларуская: Кругланосы плывунчык
български: Тънкоклюн листокрак
brezhoneg: Teleg beg moan
català: Escuraflascons becfí
čeština: Lyskonoh úzkozobý
Cymraeg: Llydandroed gyddfgoch
dansk: Odinshane
Deutsch: Odinshühnchen
Ελληνικά: Λιμνονεραλλίδα, Ερυθρόλαιμος Φαλαρόποδας
English: Red-necked Phalarope
Esperanto: Ruĝkola falaropo
español: Falaropo Picofino
eesti: Veetallaja
euskara: Mendebal-txori mokomehe
suomi: Vesipääsky
føroyskt: Helsareyði
français: Phalarope à bec étroit
Gaeilge: Falaróp gobchaol
Gàidhlig: Deargan allt
galego: Falaropo bicofino
Avañe'ẽ: Chululu
Gaelg: Ushag ny Sheltyn
עברית: שחיינית צרת־מקור
hrvatski: Tankokljuna liskonoga
Kreyòl ayisyen: Falawòp bèk fen
magyar: Vékonycsőrű víztaposó
հայերեն: Լողակտցար կլորաքիթ
Bahasa Indonesia: Kakirumbai Kecil
íslenska: óðinshani
italiano: Falaropo beccosottile
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut: Naluumasortoq
日本語: アカエリヒレアシシギ
ქართული: მრგვალნისკარტა ლივლივა
қазақша: Ақтамақ қалтқы
한국어: 지느러미발도요
Lëtzebuergesch: Odinshéngchen
lietuvių: Apvaliasnapis plaukikas
latviešu: Šaurknābja pūslītis
монгол: Нарийн сэлээхэй - ᠨᠠᠷᠢᠨ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠢ
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Kedidi Paruh Jarum
Malti: Baruża
Nederlands: Grauwe franjepoot
norsk nynorsk: Symjesnipe
norsk: Svømmesnipe
polski: Płatkonóg szydłodzioby
پنجابی: رتی تون آلا فالاروپ
português do Brasil: Falaropo-de-bico-grosso
português: Falaropo-de-bico-fino
rumantsch: Rivarel fin
română: Notătiță
русский: Круглоносый плавунчик
davvisámegiella: Cáhcebávgoš
slovenčina: Lyskonoh úzkozobý
slovenščina: Ozkokljuni liskonožec
српски / srpski: Tankokljuna - Танкоклјуна лисконога
svenska: Smalnäbbad simsnäppa
Kiswahili: Kipwita
தமிழ்: Chengazhuthu Ullan
ไทย: นกลอยทะเลคอแดง
Türkçe: Deniz düdükçünü
українська: Круглодзьобий плавунець
Tiếng Việt: Dẽ cổ đỏ
中文: 红颈瓣蹼鹬
The red-necked phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus), also known as the northern phalarope and hyperborean phalarope,[2] is a small wader. This phalarope breeds in the Arctic regions of North America and Eurasia. It is migratory, and, unusually for a wader, winters at sea on tropical oceans.
Taxonomy
In 1743 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the red-necked phalarope in the first volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The coot-footed tringa". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a specimen that had been collected off the coast of Maryland.[3] When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the red-necked phalarope with the phalaropes and sandpipers in the genus Tringa. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Tringa lobata and cited Edwards' work.[4] The red-necked phalarope is now placed in the genus Phalaropus that was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[5][6] The English and genus names come through French phalarope and scientific Latin Phalaropus from Ancient Greek phalaris, "coot", and pous, "foot". Coots and phalaropes both have lobed toes. The specific lobatus is New Latin for "lobed".[7][8] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[6]
Description
The red-necked phalarope is about 18 cm (7.1 in) in length, with lobed toes and a straight, fine bill. The breeding female is predominantly dark grey above, with a chestnut neck and upper breast, black face and white throat. They have a white wing stripe which helps distinguish this bird from the similar Wilson's phalarope. The breeding male is a duller version of the female. They have lobed toes to assist with their swimming. Young birds are grey and brown above, with buff underparts and a black patch through the eye. In winter, the plumage is essentially grey above and white below, but the black eyepatch is always present. They have a sharp call described as a whit or twit.
Standard measurements[9][10] Length 170–200 mm (6.5–8 in)
Weight 35 g (1.2 oz)
Wingspan 380 mm (15 in)
Wing 101–106.5 mm (4.0–4.2 in)
Tail 45–51 mm (1.8–2.0 in)
Culmen 20.2–23.5 mm (0.80–0.93 in)
Tarsus 19.8–21.6 mm (0.78–0.85 in)
Behaviour and ecology
Breeding
Eggs, from the Museum Wiesbaden
In the three phalarope species, females are larger and more brightly coloured than males. The females pursue and fight over males, and will defend their mate from other females until the clutch is complete and the male begins incubation. The males perform all incubation and chick-rearing activities, while the females may attempt to find another mate. If a male loses his eggs to predation, he may re-pair with his original mate or a new female to try again. Once it becomes too late in the breeding season to start new nests, females begin their southward migration, leaving the males to incubate the eggs and look after the young.
Chick
The nest is a grass-lined depression at the top of a small mound. Clutch size is usually four splotchy olive-buff eggs, but can be fewer. Incubation is about 20 days.[9] The young mainly feed themselves and are able to fly within 20 days of hatching.
Feeding
When feeding, a red-necked phalarope will often swim in a small, rapid circle, forming a small whirlpool. This behaviour is thought to aid feeding by raising food from the bottom of shallow water. The bird will reach into the centre of the vortex with its bill, plucking small insects or crustaceans caught up therein. On the open ocean, they are often found where converging currents produce upwellings. During migration, some flocks stop over on the open waters at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy to take advantage of food stirred up by tidal action.
Migration
Almost all of the nonbreeding season is spent in open water. As this species rarely comes into contact with humans, it can be unusually tame.
Status
The red-necked phalarope is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
Red-necked phalarope
In Britain and Ireland
The red-necked phalarope is a rare and localised breeding species in Ireland and Britain, which lie on the extreme edge of its world range. The most reliable place for them is Shetland, particularly the Loch of Funzie on Fetlar, with a few birds breeding elsewhere in Scotland in the Outer Hebrides (e.g. at Loch na Muilne, where a "phalarope watchpoint" has been set up) and sometimes the Scottish Mainland in Ross-shire or Sutherland. They have also bred in western Ireland since about 1900, where the population reached a peak of about 50 pairs. There have been very few breeding records in Ireland since the 1970s, but breeding was reported from County Mayo in 2015, involving a male and three females.
The tracking of a tagged bird from Fetlar unexpectedly revealed that it wintered with a North American population in the tropical Pacific Ocean; it took a 16,000 mi (26,000 km) round trip across the Atlantic via Iceland and Greenland, then south down the Eastern seaboard of America, across the Caribbean and Mexico, before ending up off the coast of Ecuador and Peru. For this reason, it is suspected that the Shetland population could be an offshoot of a North American population rather than the geographically closer Scandinavian population that is believed to winter in the Arabian Sea.[11]
References
BirdLife International (2019). "Phalaropus lobatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22693490A155525960. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22693490A155525960.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
"Red-necked Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2020-10-19.
Edwards, George (1743). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part 1. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 46, Plate 46.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 148. On page 148 Linnaeus spells the specific epithet as tobata. He corrects this to lobata on page 824.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 50, Vol. 6, p. 12.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
"Phalarope". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 229, 301. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 169.
Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-679-45122-8.
Smith, Malcolm; Bolton, Mark; Okill, David J.; Summers, Ron W.; Ellis, Pete; Liechti, Felix; Wilson, Jeremy D. (2014). "Geolocator tagging reveals Pacific migration of Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus breeding in Scotland". Ibis. 156 (4): 870–873. doi:10.1111/ibi.12196.
Further reading
Pribilof Islands, Alaska
Hayman, Peter; Marchant, John; Prater, Tony (1986). Shorebirds: an identification guide to the waders of the world. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-60237-9.
Bull, John; Farrand Jr., John (April 1984). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds, Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-41405-8.
Reynolds, John D. (1987). "Mating system and nesting biology of the Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus: what constrains polyandry?". Ibis. 129 (Supplement S1): 225–242. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1987.tb03203.x.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/"
All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
