Phalaropus fulicarius, Photo: US Fish and Wildlife Service
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Charadriiformes
Subordo: Charadrii
Familia: Scolopacidae
Genus: Phalaropus
Species: Phalaropus fulicarius
Name
Phalaropus fulicarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy
Tringa fulicaria (protonym)
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 148. Reference page.
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Grysfraaiingpoot
العربية: فلروب أحمر
asturianu: Falaropu Picogordu
български: Плоскоклюн листокрак
brezhoneg: Teleg beg ledan
català: Escuraflascons becgròs
čeština: Lyskonoh ploskozobý
Cymraeg: Llydandroed llwyd
dansk: Thorshane
Deutsch: Thorshühnchen
Ελληνικά: Κόκκινος Φαλαρόποδας
English: Grey Phalarope
Esperanto: Dikbeka falaropo
español: Falaropo Picogrueso
eesti: Puna-veetallaja
euskara: Mendebal-txori mokolodi
suomi: isovesipääsky
føroyskt: Sundgrælingur
français: Phalarope à bec large
Gaeilge: Falaróp Gobmhór
Gàidhlig: Liathag allt
galego: Falaropo bicogroso
Avañe'ẽ: Chululu
Gaelg: Coar ghlass
עברית: שחיינית רחבת־מקור
hrvatski: Plosnokljuna liskonoga
magyar: Laposcsőrű víztaposó
Iñupiak: Auksruaq
íslenska: Þórshani
italiano: Falaropo beccolargo
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut: Kajuaraq
日本語: ハイイロヒレアシシギ
қазақша: Ақжағал қалтқы
한국어: 붉은배지느러미발도요
Lëtzebuergesch: Thorshéngchen
lietuvių: Plokščiasnapis plaukikas
latviešu: Platknābja pūslītis
монгол: Улаан сэлээхэй - ᠣᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠰᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠬᠡᠢ
Malti: Baruża Griża
Nederlands: Rosse franjepoot
norsk nynorsk: Polarsymjesnipe
norsk: Polarsvømmesnipe
polski: Płatkonóg płaskodzioby
پنجابی: رتا فالاروپ
português do Brasil: Falaropo-de-bico-grosso
português: Falaropo-de-bico-grosso
rumantsch: Rivarel curt
română: Notătiță cu cioc lat
русский: Плосконосый плавунчик
slovenčina: Lyskonoh ploskozobý
slovenščina: Ploskokljuni liskonožec
српски / srpski: Plosnokljuna liskonoga - Плоснокљуна лисконога
svenska: Brednäbbad simsnäppa
ไทย: นกลอยทะเลสีเทา
Türkçe: Kızıl deniz düdükçünü
українська: Плавунець плоскодзьобий
中文: 灰瓣蹼鹬
The red phalarope or grey phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius) is a small wader. This phalarope breeds in the Arctic regions of North America and Eurasia. It is migratory, and, unusually for a wader, migrating mainly on oceanic routes and wintering at sea on tropical oceans.
Taxonomy
In 1750, the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the red phalarope in the third volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The Red-footed Tringa". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a preserved specimen that had been brought to London from the Hudson Bay area of Canada by James Isham.[2] In 1758, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the red phalarope with phalaropes and sandpipers in the genus Tringa. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Tringa fulicaria and cited Edwards' work.[3] The red phalarope is now one of three species placed in the genus Phalaropus that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson.[4][5] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[5]
The English and genus names for phalaropes come through French phalarope and scientific Latin Phalaropus from Ancient Greek phalaris, "coot", and pous, "foot". The specific fulicarius is from Latin fulica, "coot". Coots and phalaropes both have lobed toes.[6][7]
Description
Red phalarope
Nonbreeding plumage
The red phalarope is about 21 cm (8.3 in) in length, with lobed toes and a straight bill, somewhat thicker than that of red-necked phalarope. The breeding female is predominantly dark brown and black above, with red underparts and white cheek patches. The bill is yellow, tipped black. The breeding male is a duller version of the female. Young birds are light grey and brown above, with buff underparts and a dark patch through the eye. In winter, the plumage is essentially grey above and white below, but the black eyepatch is always present. The bill is black in winter. Their call is a short beek.
| Standard Measurements[8][9] | |
|---|---|
| length | 200–230 mm (7.7–9 in) |
| weight | 55 g (1.9 oz) |
| wingspan | 430 mm (17 in) |
| wing | 121–132 mm (4.8–5.2 in) |
| tail | 58.5–67.1 mm (2.30–2.64 in) |
| culmen | 21–23 mm (0.83–0.91 in) |
| tarsus | 21.8–23 mm (0.86–0.91 in) |
The typical avian sex roles are reversed in the three phalarope species. Females are larger and more brightly coloured than males. The females pursue males, compete for nesting territory, and will aggressively defend their nests and chosen mates. Once the females lay their olive-brown eggs, they begin their southward migration, leaving the males to incubate the eggs and care for the young. Three to six eggs are laid in a ground nest near water. Incubation lasts 18 or 19 days.[8] The young mainly feed themselves and are able to fly within 18 days of birth.
Behaviour
When feeding, a red phalarope will often swim in a small, rapid circle, forming a small whirlpool. This behaviour is thought to aid feeding by raising food from the bottom of shallow water. The bird will reach into the outskirts of the vortex with its bill, plucking small insects or crustaceans caught up therein. They sometimes fly up to catch insects in flight. On the open ocean, they are found in areas where converging ocean currents produce upwellings and are often found near groups of whales. Outside of the nesting season they often travel in flocks.
This species is often very tame and approachable.
Status and conservation
The red phalarope is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
References
BirdLife International (2018). "Phalaropus fulicarius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22693494A132531581. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22693494A132531581.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Edwards, George (1750). A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. Vol. Part III. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 142, Plate 142.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 146.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 50, Vol. 6, p. 12.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
"Phalarope". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 165, 301. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 166.
Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 195. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
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