Oxyura leucocephala

Oxyura leucocephala (*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Anseriformes

Familia: Anatidae
Subfamilia: Oxyurinae
Genus: Oxyura
Species: Oxyura leucocephala
Name

Oxyura leucocephala (Scopoli, 1769)
Synonyms

Anas leucocephala (protonym)

References

Annus I–(IV) Historico-Naturalis 65.

Vernacular names
العربية: بط أبيض الوجه
azərbaycanca: Göydimdik
башҡортса: Аҡбаш өйрәк
български: Тръноопашата потапница
brezhoneg: Piklost penn gwenn
čeština: Kachnice bělohlavá
Cymraeg: Hwyaden Benwen
Deutsch: Weißkopfruderente
English: White-headed Duck
Esperanto: Blubeka anaso
español: Malvasía cabeciblanca
فارسی: اردک سرسفید
suomi: Valkopääsorsa
føroyskt: Høvuðhvít skarvsont
français: Érismature à tête blanche
galego: Malvasía
עברית: צחראש לבן
magyar: Kékcsőrű réce
հայերեն: Բադ սպիտակագլուխ
italiano: Gobbo rugginoso
日本語: カオジロオタテガモ
қазақша: Ақбас үйрек
lietuvių: Baltagalvė stačiauodegė antis
македонски: Белоглава патка
монгол: Цагаантолгой ямаансүүлт
Nederlands: Witkopeend
norsk: Hvithodeand
polski: Sterniczka białogłowa
پنجابی: چٹے سرے آلی بطخ
português: Pato-de-rabo-alçado
română: Sauca
русский: Белоголовая савка
српски / srpski: Белоглава патка
svenska: Kopparand
Türkçe: Dikkuyruk
українська: Савка
中文: 白头硬尾鸭

Carabus scheidleri

Oxyura leucocephala , Biology Stamps

The white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) is a small diving duck some 45 cm (18 in) long. The male has a white head with black crown, a blue bill, and reddish-grey plumage. The female has a dark bill and rather duller colouring. Its breeding habitat is lakes with open water and dense vegetation at the margin. It dives under water and feeds on aquatic vegetation as well as some animal matter. It is more likely to swim away from a perceived threat than to fly. This duck is known from Spain,North Africa, Western Asia and Central Asia. Populations are declining, mostly due to loss of habitat and pollution, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird's status as "endangered".

Taxonomy and systematics

The white-headed duck was originally described as Anas leucocephala by Giovani Antonio Scopoli in 1769. It is currently in the genus Oxyura. Other generic synonyms used in the past include Erismatura, Cerconectes, Gymnura, Undina, Bythonessa, Plectrura, and Pervicauda. Other junior synonyms for the species include Anas mersa, Anas vindila, Anas ruthenica, and Oxyura unifasciata. Its scientific name comes from the Greek Oxyura (from oxus, "sharp", and oura, "tail") and leucocephala (from leukos, "white" and kephalos, "head".[3] The common name white-headed duck, like the specific name, refers to its white head.[4]

It interbreeds with other species in its genus, such as the ruddy duck. The hybrids are fully fertile and capable of having viable offspring with both parent species.[4]

The species is monotypic. Different populations of the white-headed duck do not display significant genetic differences. However, some studies have found that they do display morphological differences, with western populations being larger in size, having darker ventral coloration, and males having more yellow feathers on their back. Dark phase birds have only been found in the western populations.[4]

In the genus Oxyura, it is generally thought to be related most closely to Maccoa duck. Some studies have also found that these two species form a clade with the blue-billed duck, although this is disputed and species relations between Oxyura ducks are unresolved.[4]
Description

Adult males have a grey and reddish body, a blue bill and a largely white head with a black cap and neck. Adult females have a grey-brown body with a white face and a darker bill, cap, and cheek stripe. Length is 43–48 cm (17–19 in) and weight is 580–750 g (1.28–1.65 lb).
Male in winter
Distribution and habitat
Egg, collection Museum Wiesbaden

This duck breeds in Spain and North Africa, with a larger population in western and central Asia. Their breeding habitat is large tracts of open water, such as lakes and ponds including artificial water bodies, with dense stands of aquatic plants to provide shelter and nesting sites.[5] Individuals are fairly frequently reported well north of their breeding range, but as with many wildfowl, the status of these extralimital records is clouded by the possibility of escapes from collections.
Behaviour and ecology
Diet

These birds dive and swim under water. They are omnivorous, with vegetable matter predominating. They are reluctant to fly, preferring to swim for cover.
Conservation

This duck is considered endangered due to a large reduction in populations in the last 10 years. Most of this decline is due to habitat loss and hunting, but interbreeding of the Spanish population with the introduced ruddy duck (Oxyura jamaicensis) is a more recent threat. This has led to the attempted eradication of the American species from western Europe.

The white-headed duck is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird's conservation status as being "endangered".[1]
References

BirdLife International (2017). "Oxyura leucocephala". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22679814A119403602. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22679814A119403602.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Jobling, James. The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. ChristopherHelm. p. 223.
Salvador, Alfredo; Amat, Juan A.; Green, Andy J. (2020-12-18). Billerman, Shawn M; Keeney, Brooke K (eds.). "White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala)". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.whhduc1.02.

White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala) in Armenia. 2017. In online publication: "The State of Breeding Birds of Armenia". TSE NGO, Armenian Bird Census Council. Retrieved on 10 October 2017.