Opisthocomus hoazin

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Opisthocomiformes

Familia: Opisthocomidae
Genus: Opisthocomus
Species: Opisthocomus hoazin
Name

Opisthocomus hoazin (P. L. S. Müller, 1776)
Synonymy

Phasianus hoazin (protonym)

References

Des Ritters Carl von Linné vollständiges Natursystem. Supplement: 125.

Vernacular names
مصرى: هواتزين
العربية: هواتزين
башҡортса: Гоацин-тауыҡ
български: Хоацин
brezhoneg: Hoatzin
català: Hoatzín
čeština: Hoacin chocholatý
Cymraeg: Hoatsin
dansk: Hoatzin
Deutsch: Hoatzin
Ελληνικά: Οασίν
English: Hoatzin
Esperanto: Hoacino
español: Hoazín
eesti: Hoatsiin
euskara: Hoatzin
فارسی: گندمرغ
suomi: Hoatsin
français: Hoazin huppé
galego: Hoatzín
עברית: הואצין
hrvatski: Hoacin
magyar: Hoacin
Bahasa Indonesia: Hoatzin
italiano: Hoazin
日本語: ツメバケイ
ქართული: ჰოაცინი
қазақша: Гоацин
ಕನ್ನಡ: ಹೋಟ್ಜೆನ್
한국어: 호아친
lietuvių: Hoacinas
മലയാളം: ഹോറ്റ്സിൻ
Nederlands: Hoatzin
norsk nynorsk: Hoatzin
norsk: Hoatzin
polski: Hoacyn
پنجابی: ہوٹزن
português: Jacu-cigano
Runa Simi: Shanshu
русский: Гоацин
slovenčina: Hoacinotvaré
slovenščina: Hoacin
српски / srpski: Hoacin
svenska: Hoatzin
தமிழ்: வெடிற்போத்து
тоҷикӣ: Гандмурғ
українська: Гоацин
oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча: Goatsin
Tiếng Việt: Gà móng hoang dã
吴语: 麝雉
中文: 麝雉

The hoatzin (/hoʊˈætsɪn/ hoh-AT-sin)[note 1] or hoactzin (/hoʊˈæktsɪn/ hoh-AKT-sin; Opisthocomus hoazin),[4] also known as the reptile bird, skunk bird, stinkbird, or Canje pheasant, is a species of tropical bird found in swamps, riparian forests, and mangroves of the Amazon and the Orinoco basins in South America. It is notable for having chicks that have claws on two of their wing digits.

It is the only member of the genus Opisthocomus (Ancient Greek: "long hair behind", referring to its large crest).[5] This is the only extant genus in the family Opisthocomidae. The taxonomic position of this family has been greatly debated by specialists, and is still far from clear.

Description
At Lake Sandoval, Peru

The hoatzin is pheasant-sized, with a total length of 65 centimetres (26 in), and a long neck and small head. It has an unfeathered blue face with maroon eyes, and its head is topped by a spiky, rufous crest. The long, sooty-brown tail is a broadly tipped buff. The upper parts are dark, sooty-brown-edged buff on the wing coverts, and streaked buff on the mantle and nape. The under parts are buff, while the crissum (the undertail coverts surrounding the cloaca), primaries, underwing coverts and flanks are rich rufous-chestnut, but this is mainly visible when it opens its wings. The hoatzin is a herbivore, eating leaves and fruit, and has an unusual digestive system with an enlarged crop used for fermentation of vegetable matter, in a manner broadly analogous to the digestive system of mammalian ruminants. The alternative name of "stinkbird" is derived from the bird's foul odour, which is caused by the fermentation of food in its digestive system.[6]

This is a noisy species, with a variety of hoarse calls, including groans, croaks, hisses and grunts.[5] These calls are often associated with body movements, such as wing spreading.
Taxonomy, systematics and evolution
In Brazil

The hoatzin was originally described in 1776 by German zoologist Statius Müller. There has been much debate about the hoatzin's relationships with other birds. Because of its distinctness it has been given its own family, the Opisthocomidae, and its own suborder, the Opisthocomi. At various times, it has been allied with such taxa as the tinamous, the Galliformes (gamebirds), the rails, the bustards, seriemas, sandgrouse, doves, turacos and other Cuculiformes, and mousebirds.[5] A whole genome sequencing study published in 2014 places the hoatzin as the sister taxon of a clade composed of Gruiformes (cranes) and Charadriiformes (plovers).[7]

In 2015, genetic research[8] indicated that the hoatzin is the last surviving member of a bird line that branched off in its own direction 64 million years ago, shortly after the extinction event that killed the non-avian dinosaurs.[9]
Fossil record
The newly hatched bird has claws on its thumb and first finger enabling it to dexterously climb tree branches until its wings are strong enough for sustained flight.[10] These claws disappear by the time the bird reaches adulthood.

With respect to other material evidence, an undisputed fossil record of a close hoatzin relative is specimen UCMP 42823, a single cranium backside.[11] It is of Miocene origin[note 2] and was recovered in the upper Magdalena River Valley, Colombia in the well known fauna of La Venta.[5] This has been placed into a distinct, less derived genus, Hoazinoides, but clearly would be placed into the same family as the extant species. It markedly differs in that the cranium of the living hoatzin is characteristic, being much domed, rounded, and shortened, and that these autapomorphies were less pronounced in the Miocene bird. Miller discussed these findings in the light of the supposed affiliation of the hoatzins and the Galliformes, which was the favored hypothesis at that time, but had been controversial almost since its inception. He cautioned, however, "that Hoazinoides by no means establishes a phyletic junction point with other galliforms" for obvious reasons, as we know today. Anything other than the primary findings of Miller are not to be expected in any case, as by the time of Hoazinoides, essentially all modern bird families are either known or believed to have been present and distinct. Going further back in time, the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene (some 34 million years ago) Filholornis from France has also been considered "proof" of a link between the hoatzin and the gamebirds.[5] The fragmentary fossil Onychopteryx from the Eocene of Argentina[citation needed] and the quite complete but no less enigmatic Early-Middle Eocene (Ypresian-Lutetian, some 48 million years ago) Foro panarium are sometimes used[citation needed] to argue for a hoatzin-cuculiform (including turacos) link. But as demonstrated above, this must be considered highly speculative, if not as badly off the mark as the relationship with Cracidae discussed by Miller.

The earliest record of the order Opisthocomiformes is Protoazin parisiensis, from the latest Eocene (approximately 34 mya) of Romainville, France. The holotype and only known specimen is NMB PG.70, consisting of partial coracoid, partial scapula, and partial pedal phalanx. According to the phylogenetic analysis performed by the authors, Namibiavis, although later, is more basal than Protoazin. Opisthocomiforms seem to have been much more widespread in the past, with the present South American distribution being only a relic. By the Early to Middle Miocene, they were probably extinct in Europe already, as formations dated to this time and representing fluvial or lacustrine palaeoenvironments, in which the hoatzin thrives today, have yielded dozens of bird specimens, but no opisthocomiform. A possible explanation to account for the extinction of Protoazin between the Late Eocene and the Early Miocene in Europe, and of Namibiavis after the Middle Miocene of Sub-Saharan Africa is the arrival of arboreal carnivorans, predation by which could have had a devastating effect on the local opisthocomiforms, if they were as poor flyers and had similarly vulnerable nesting strategies as today's hoatzins. Felids and viverrids first arrived in Europe from Asia after the Turgai Sea closed, marking the boundary between the Eocene and the Oligocene. None of these predators, and for the matter, no placental predator at all was present in South America before the Great American Interchange 3 mya, which could explain the survival of the hoatzin there.[12] In addition to being the earliest fossil record of an opisthocomiform, Protoazin was also the earliest find of one (1912), but it was forgotten for more than a century, being described only in 2014.

Hoazinavis is an extinct genus of early opisthocomiform from Late Oligocene and Early Miocene (about 24–22 mya) deposits of Brazil. It was collected in 2008 from the Tremembé Formation of São Paulo, Brazil. It was first named by Gerald Mayr, Herculano Alvarenga and Cécile Mourer-Chauviré in 2011 and the type species is Hoazinavis lacustris.[13]

Namibiavis is another extinct genus of early opisthocomoform from early Middle Miocene (approximately 16 mya) deposits of Namibia. It was collected from Arrisdrift, southern Namibia. It was first named by Cécile Mourer-Chauviré in 2003 and the type species is Namibiavis senutae.[13]
Behavior
Feeding

The hoatzin is a folivore - it eats the leaves (and to a lesser degree of fruits and flowers) of the plants that grow in the marshy and riverine habitats where it lives. It clambers around clumsily along the branches, and being quite tame (though they become stressed by frequent visits), often allows close approach and is reluctant to flush. The hoatzin uses a leathery bump on the bottom of its crop to help balance itself on the branches. Once it was thought that the species could eat the leaves of only arums and mangroves, but the species is now known to consume the leaves of more than fifty species. One study undertaken in Venezuela found that the hoatzin's diet was 82% leaves, 10% flowers, and 8% fruit.[5] Any feeding of insects or other animal matter is purely accidental.[14]
In flight, Bolivia

One of this species' many peculiarities is that it has a digestive system unique amongst birds. Hoatzins use bacterial fermentation in the front part of the gut to break down the vegetable material they consume, much as cattle and other ruminants do. Unlike ruminants, however, which possess the rumen (a specialized stomach for bacterial fermentation), the hoatzin has an unusually large crop, folded in two chambers, and a large, multi-chambered lower esophagus. Its stomach chamber and gizzard are much smaller than in other birds. The crop of the hoatzin is so large as to displace the flight muscles and keel of the sternum, much to the detriment of their flight capacity. Because of aromatic compounds in the leaves they consume and the bacterial fermentation,[15][16] the bird has a disagreeable, manure-like odor and is only hunted by humans for food in times of dire need.
Breeding
0:39
An Hoatzin Bird Calls

Hoatzins are seasonal breeders, breeding during the rainy season, the exact timing of which varies across its range.[5] Hoatzins are gregarious and nest in small colonies, laying two or three eggs in a stick nest in a tree hanging over water in seasonally flooded forests. The chicks, which are fed on regurgitated fermented food, have another odd feature; they have two claws on each wing. Immediately on hatching, they can use these claws, and their oversized feet, to scramble around the tree branches without falling into the water. When predators such as the great black hawk attack a hoatzin nesting colony, the adults fly noisily about, trying to divert the predator's attention, while the chicks move away from the nest and hide among the thickets. If discovered, however, they drop into the water and swim under the surface to escape, then later use their clawed wings to climb back to the safety of the nest. This has inevitably led to comparisons to the fossil bird Archaeopteryx, but the characteristic is rather an autapomorphy, possibly caused by an atavism toward the dinosaurian finger claws, whose developmental genetics ("blueprint") presumably is still in the avian genome. Since Archaeopteryx had three functional claws on each wing, some earlier systematists speculated that the hoatzin was descended from it, because nestling hoatzins have two functional claws on each wing. Modern researchers, however, hypothesize that the young hoatzin's claws are of more recent origin, and may be a secondary adaptation from its frequent need to leave the nest and climb about in dense vines and trees well before it can fly.[5]
Relationship with humans

In Brazil, indigenous peoples sometimes collect the eggs for food, and the adults are occasionally hunted, but in general this is rare, as hoatzin meat is reputed to have a bad taste.[5][17] While its preferred habitats of mangrove and riverine forest are disappearing quickly in some regions, it is less threatened than the Amazon rainforest, which is a primary target for deforestation. The hoatzin therefore remains fairly common in a large part of its range. The hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana.[18]
See also

Turaco, a convergently evolved bird in the order Musophagiformes which is a large-crested, arboreal, mainly herbivorous bird whose nestlings also use wing claws for climbing.[19]

Footnotes

US also /ˈwɑːtsɪn, -siːn/ WAHT-sin, -⁠seen[2][3]

Originally believed to be of Late Miocene age – some 10–5 million years old –, the bone was found in association with fossils of the monkey Cebupitheca sarmientoi that today, usually is considered of Early or Middle Miocene, possibly 18 but at least some 12 million years of age.

References

BirdLife International (2016). "Opisthocomus hoazin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22684428A93028795. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684428A93028795.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Definition of hoatzin | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
"HOATZIN English Definition and Meaning | Lexico.com". Lexico Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2022-02-14.
"hoatzin". The Chambers Dictionary (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. ISBN 0-550-10105-5.
Thomas, B. T. (1996). "Family Opisthocomidae (Hoatzins)". In Josep, del Hoyo; Andrew, Jordi; Sargatal, Christie (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 3, Hoatzins to Auks. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 24–32. ISBN 978-84-87334-20-7.
Jackson, Tom (2015). DK Eyewitness Books: The Amazon. New York, NY, US: DK Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-4654-3566-8.
Jarvis, E.D.; et al. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science. 346 (6215): 1320–1331. Bibcode:2014Sci...346.1320J. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMC 4405904. PMID 25504713.
Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornburg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (7 October 2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing". Nature. 526 (7574): 569–573. doi:10.1038/nature15697. PMID 26444237. S2CID 205246158.
New study rearranges family tree of birds
Parker, W. K. (1891). "On the Morphology of a Reptilian Bird, Opisthocomus hoazin". Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 13 (2): 43–89. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1891.tb00045.x.
Miller, Alden H. (1953). "A fossil Hoatzin from the Miocene of Colombia" (PDF). Auk. 70 (4): 484–495. doi:10.2307/4081360. JSTOR 4081360.
Gerald Mayr; Vanesa L. De Pietri (2014). "Earliest and first Northern Hemispheric hoatzin fossils substantiate Old World origin of a "Neotropic endemic"". Naturwissenschaften. 101 (2): 143–8. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1144-8. PMID 24441712. S2CID 14060583.
Mayr, Gerald; Alvarenga, Herculano; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile (2011). "Out of Africa: Fossils shed light on the origin of the hoatzin, an iconic Neotropic bird". Naturwissenschaften. 98 (11): 961–966. doi:10.1007/s00114-011-0849-1. PMID 21964974. S2CID 24210185.
Grajal, A.; Strahl, S. D.; Parra, R.; Dominguez, M. G.; Neher, A. (1989). "Foregut fermentation in the Hoatzin, a Neotropical leaf-eating bird". Science. 245 (4923): 1236–1238. doi:10.1126/science.245.4923.1236. PMID 17747887. S2CID 21455374..
Wright, A.-D. G.; Northwood, K. S.; Obispo, N. E. (2009). "Rumen-like methanogens identified from the crop of the folivorous South American bird, the hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin)". The ISME Journal. 3 (10): 1120–1126. doi:10.1038/ismej.2009.41. PMID 19387486.
Godoy-Vitorino, F.; Goldfarb, K. C.; Karaoz, U.; et al. (2011). "Comparative analyses of foregut and hindgut bacterial communities in hoatzins and cows". The ISME Journal. 6 (3): 531–541. doi:10.1038/ismej.2011.131. PMC 3280141. PMID 21938024.
"Hoatzin Opisthocomus hoazin". BirdLife International. 2004.
"Guyana National Symbols". Retrieved 28 January 2014.
Fain, Matthew G.; Houde, Peter (2004). "Parallel radiations in the primary clades of birds" (PDF). Evolution. 58 (11): 2558–2573. doi:10.1554/04-235. PMID 15612298. S2CID 1296408. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2016-07-08.