Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Euornithes
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Ornithurae
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Ordo: Psittaciformes
Familia: Strigopidae
Genus: Nestor
Species: N. meridionalis - N. notabilis
Species extinctae: †N. chathamensis – †N. productus
Name
Nestor Lesson, 1830
Type species
Psittacus nestor Latham, 1790, = Nestor meridionalis (Gmelin, 1788), by monotypy
References
Traite d'Ornithologie livr.3 p.190
Vernacular names
suomi: Keat
日本語: ミヤマオウム属
македонски: Несторки
The genus Nestor is the type and only extant genus of the parrot family Nestoridae.[1] Together with the kakapo, and the extinct parrots in the genus Nelepsittacus, they form the parrot superfamily Strigopoidea. The genus Nestor contains two extant parrot species from New Zealand and two extinct species from Norfolk Island and Chatham Island, New Zealand, respectively. All species are large stocky birds with short squarish tails. A defining characteristic of the genus is the tongue, which is tipped with a hair-like fringe.[2] The superficial resemblance of this tongue to that of lorikeets has led some taxonomists to consider the two groups closely related, but DNA evidence shows they are not.[3][4]
Classification
All four species in the genus Nestor are thought to stem from a 'proto-kaka', dwelling in the forests of New Zealand 5 million years ago.[3][5] The closest living relative of the genus is the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus).[3][5][6][7] Together, they form the Strigopoidea, which comprises an ancient group that split off from all other Psittaciformes before their radiation.[3][5][7]
Species
There are two surviving species and at least one well documented extinct species in the genus Nestor. Very little is known about the fourth, the Chatham kaka, which may have been conspecific with another kaka species.
Kea, Nestor notabilis
New Zealand kaka, Nestor meridionalis
North Island kaka, Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis
South Island kaka, Nestor meridionalis meridionalis
†Norfolk kaka, Nestor productus (extinct)
†Chatham kaka, Nestor chathamensis (extinct)
| Nestoridae | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Common name (binomial name) status |
Image | Description | Range and habitat |
| Kea (Nestor notabilis) |
_-on_ground-8.jpg/200px-Kea_(Nestor_notabilis)_-on_ground-8.jpg) |
48 cm (19 in) long. Mostly olive-green with scarlet underwings and rump. Dark-edged feathers. Dark brown beak, iris, legs, and feet. Male has longer bill.[9] | New Zealand: South Island High-level forests and subalpine scrublands 850–1400 m AMSL.[10] |
| South Island kaka (Nestor meridionalis meridionalis) |
 |
Similar to the North Island kaka, but slightly smaller, brighter colours, the crown is almost white, and the bill is longer and more arched in males.[12] | New Zealand: South Island Unbroken tracts of Nothofagus and Podocarpus forests 450–850 m AMSL in summer and 0–550 m in winter.[10] |
| North Island kaka (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis) |
 |
About 45 cm (18 in) long. Mainly olive-brown with dark feather edges. Crimson underwings, rump, and collar. The cheeks are golden/brown. The crown is greyish.[12] | New Zealand: North Island Unbroken tracts of Nothofagus and Podocarpus forests between 450–850 m AMSL in summer and 0–550 m in winter.[10] |
| Norfolk kaka (†Nestor productus) |
 |
About 38 cm long. Mostly olive-brown upperparts, (reddish-)orange cheeks and throat, straw-coloured breast, thighs, rump and lower abdomen dark orange.[2] | Formerly endemic on Norfolk Island and the adjacent Phillip Island[14] Rocks and trees[2] |
| Chatham kaka (†Nestor chatamensis) |
 |
Only known from subfossil bones.[15] | Formerly endemic on Chatham Island of New Zealand Forests[15] |
Status
Current distribution of extant species, as well as previous distribution of extinct island species.
Of the four species, the Norfolk kaka[13][14] and Chatham kaka[15] became extinct in recent history. The last known individual of the Norfolk kaka died in captivity in London sometime after 1851,[16] and only between seven[17] and 20[18] skins survive. The Chatham kaka became extinct in pre-European times, after Polynesians arrived at the island, between 1550 and 1700, and is only known from subfossil bones.[15] The mainland New Zealand kaka is listed as endangered,[11][12] and the kea is listed as vulnerable.[8][9]
References
Joseph, Leo; et al. (2012). "A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3205: 26–40.
Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981) [1973, 1978]. Parrots of the World (corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London. ISBN 0-7153-7698-5.
Wright, T.F.; Schirtzinger, E. E.; Matsumoto, T.; Eberhard, J. R.; Graves, G. R.; Sanchez, J. J.; Capelli, S.; Muller, H.; Scharpegge, J.; Chambers, G. K.; Fleischer, R. C. (2008). "A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous". Mol Biol Evol. 25 (10): 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMC 2727385. PMID 18653733.
Tokita, M; Kiyoshi, T; Armstrong, KN (2007). "Evolution of craniofacial novelty in parrots through developmental modularity and heterochrony". Evolution & Development. 9 (6): 590–601. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2007.00199.x. PMID 17976055.
Grant-Mackie, E.J.; Grant-Mackie, J.A.; Boon, W.M.; Chambers, G.K. (2003). "Evolution of New Zealand Parrots". NZ Science Teacher. 103.
Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (1998). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07453-6.
de Kloet, R.S.; de Kloet, S.R. (2005). The evolution of the spindlin gene in birds: sequence analysis of an intron of the spindlin W and Z gene reveals four major divisions of the Psittaciformes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 706–721.
BirdLife International (2008). "Nestor notabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2008. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.
"Kea - BirdLife Species Factsheet". BirdLife International. 2008.
Juniper, Tony; Mike Parr (1998). Parrots: A Guide to Parrots of the World. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300074536.
BirdLife International (2008). "Nestor meridionalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2008. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.
"Kaka - BirdLife Species Factsheet". BirdLife International. 2008.
BirdLife International (2008). "Nestor productus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 24 December 2008. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.
"Norfolk Island Kaka - BirdLife Species Factsheet". BirdLife International. 2008.
Millener, P. R. (1999). "The history of the Chatham Islands' bird fauna of the last 7000 years – a chronicle of change and extinction. Proceedings of the 4th International meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (Washington, D.C., June 1996)". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89: 85–109.
Greenway, James Cowan (1967). Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World (2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
"Nestor productus - Norfolk Island Kaka specimen(s) in the ZMA". Nlbif.eti.uva.nl. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
"Naturalis - Extinct bird: Nestor productus (Norfolk Island Kaka)". Nlbif.eti.uva.nl. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
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