Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Passeridae
Genus: Montifringilla
Species: M. adamsi – M. blanfordi – M. davidiana – M. henrici – M. nivalis – M. ruficollis – M. taczanowskii – M. theresae
Name
Montifringilla Brehm, 1828
Montifringilla is a genus of passerine birds in the sparrow family Passeridae. It is one of three genera containing the snowfinches. As the English and scientific names suggest, these are high-altitude species, found in the mountain ranges of southern Eurasia, from the Pyrenees east to the Himalayas, Tibet and western China.[1]
Description
Snowfinches are stocky sparrows 13.5–17 centimetres (5.3–6.7 in) in length, with strong conical bills. They have pale brown upperparts, white underparts and extensive white panels in the wings, which transform them in flight. Adults may have black markings on the chin or around the eyes. Sexes are usually very similar, although the male white-winged snowfinch has a distinctive grey head. Young birds are a drabber version of the adult.[2]
They have simple repetitive songs, given from a rock or during the elaborate circling display flight. The call is a simple chip or similar.[3]
Ecology
Most snowfinches breed above altitudes of 3,500 metres (11,500 ft), but the white-winged snowfinch can occur from 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) upwards. These hardy birds inhabit bare open mountain grassland. Snowfinches are not migratory but may move to lower altitudes or human habitation in winter, when these highly gregarious birds form large flocks. Snowfinches are primarily ground-feeding seed-eaters, though they also consume small arthropods, especially when breeding. They are typically fearless, and will forage around ski resorts, human habitation and rubbish tips.[2]
They nest in rock crevices, or more typically in holes left by rodents or (and even more often) pikas (Ochotonidae). The typical clutch is from three to six eggs.[4]
Systematics and taxonomy
The genus Montifringilla was introduced by the German ornithologist Christian Ludwig Brehm in 1828.[5] The type species was subsequently designated as the white-winged snowfinch.[6] The name of the genus combines the Latin words mons, montis "mountain" and fringilla "finch".[7]
Species and systematics
The genus contains three species:[8]
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Montifringilla henrici | Tibetan snowfinch | Tibet |
 |
Montifringilla nivalis | White-winged snowfinch | southern Europe (Pyrenees, Alps, Corsica, Balkans) and through central Asia to western China |
 India.jpg" decoding="async" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A_Tibetan_Snowfinch_juvenile_-_Tso_Moriri%2C_Ladakh%2C_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg/180px-A_Tibetan_Snowfinch_juvenile_-_Tso_Moriri%2C_Ladakh%2C_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/A_Tibetan_Snowfinch_juvenile_-_Tso_Moriri%2C_Ladakh%2C_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg/240px-A_Tibetan_Snowfinch_juvenile_-_Tso_Moriri%2C_Ladakh%2C_Jammu_Kashmir_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" height="80" width="120" /> |
Montifringilla adamsi | Black-winged snowfinch | China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan |
Four species of snowfich are now separated in the genus Pyrgilauda, based on the genetics and the different vocalizations and ecological preferences. Similarly, the white-rumped snowfinch is placed in a monotypic genus Onychostruthus.[9]
Taxonomy
Many sparrow-larks (Eremopterix) were once placed in a genus Pyrrhulauda, causing much confusion in the taxonomy of the unrelated snowfinches
The junior synonyms of Montifringilla have a convoluted history. Pyrgilauda is probably the most confused case among them: It was first established by Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte as a junior synonym of Pyrrhulauda, and attributed to the brothers Edouard and Jules Verreaux. But Pyrrhulauda – established by Andrew Smith before Bonaparte – actually refers to certain sparrow-larks, today all placed in Eremopterix. J. Verreaux indeed seems to have been the first to formally use Pyrgilauda for a particular snowfinch species, but that was only in 1871, when he described the small snowfinch. It was widely used for the southern snowfinch species in the late 19th and early 20th century, and continues to be used by some authors today.[10]
According to Article 11.6.1. and 50.7. in the third and fourth editions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the genus Pyrgilauda was thus validly established by Bonaparte as a possible snowfinch genus name – even though he did not intend to – because many authors after J. Verreaux used it for these birds, and not for the sparrow-larks. Bonaparte had correctly used Montifrigilla for the white-winged snowfinch – the only snowfinch known then – however, and thus Pyrgilauda had remained an unused "shell" of a taxon until someone placed a species in it. That was done by J. Verreaux, and thus many erroneously attributed authorship of the genus to him, although as per the ICZN Code Article 69.3. he technically just fixed its type species as the small snowfinch. Another error occurred in 1982, when G. N. Kasin believed Pyrgilauda had been established twice, and thought the snowfinch genus name – which he believed to have been established by Verreaux in 1870 – was the junior homonym of Bonaparte's sparrow-lark synonym. He set up Stepaniania to replace it. But with Bonaparte's name (as co-opted by Verreaux and later authors) being a valid junior subjective synonym and not preoccupied, Stepaniania itself becomes a junior objective synonym of Pyrgilauda.[11]
The name Orospiza has a similar history to Pyrgilauda. Bonaparte merely remarked it had been used by "some" (aliquī) unspecified authors,[12] while many subsequent sources attributed it to Johann Jakob Kaup. But that is a misunderstanding, and the only technically valid (though synonymous) name for the snowfinch genus proposed by Kaup was Chionospina. Thus, in the case of Orospiza Bonaparte is again the valid author, though Thomas Horsfield and Frederic Moore were the first to set a type species. As M. nivalis was still the only known snowfinch in 1858 when they did this, Orospiza is a junior objective synonym of Montifringilla.[13]
For somewhat different reasons, Orites is a junior objective synonym of Montifringilla. First proposed for the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus) in Moehring's Geslachten der Vogelen in 1758, that widely ignored work was suppressed as a source of taxa by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1987. Consequently, later attempts to re-establish that name as a junior synonym of Aegithalos are preempted by the erection of Orites for the white-winged snowfinch by Eugen von Keyserling and Johann Heinrich Blasius in 1840. Meanwhile, Kaup's Chionospina was misspelled "Chionospiza" by George Robert Gray. As it, too, is a junior objective synonym of Montifringilla, Ludwig Reichenbach's subsequent valid establishment of that name is still inconsequential – except for purely taxonomic purposes, as it makes neither Kaup nor Grey the valid author of Chionospiza, but Reichenbach.[14] And finally, Onychostruthus had to be established because Onychospiza, Nikolai Przhevalsky's 1876 name for the proposed monotypic genus of the white-rumped snowfinch, was preoccupied. It had been given by Rey to the chestnut-eared bunting (today Emberiza fucata) in 1872 already, as an unnecessary correction – and thus junior objective synonym – of Bonaparte's original Onychospina.[13]
Footnotes
Clement, Harris & Davis 1993.
Cramp 1977, Clement, Harris & Davis 1993, Svensson et al. 1999
Clement, Harris & Davis 1993
Clement, Harris & Davis 1993, Svensson et al. 1999
Brehm, Christian Ludwig (1828). "Montifringilla". Isis von Oken (in German). 21. Col. 1277.
Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962). Check-list of birds of the world. Volume 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 26.
Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Old World sparrows, snowfinches, weavers". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
Qu, Y.; Ericson, P.G.; Lei, F.; Gebauer, A.; Kaiser, M.; Helbig, A.J. (2006). "Molecular phylogenetic relationship of snow finch complex (genera Montifringilla, Pyrgilauda, and Onychostruthus) from the Tibetan plateau". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (1): 218–226. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.020. PMID 16624593.
Bonaparte 1850, pp. 511–512, Mlíkovský 1998, Lei et al. 2005
Bonaparte 1850, p. 538, Mlíkovský 1998, International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999, uBio 2005
Bonaparte 1850, p. 538.
uBio 2005.
Horsfield & Moore 1858, Smith 2001, uBio 2005
References
Bonaparte, C. L. (1850). Conspectus generum avium. 1. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1993). Finches and Sparrows: an identification guide. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-8017-2.
Cramp, S. (1977). The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Oxford. ISBN 0-19-857358-8.
Horsfield, Thomas; Moore, Frederic (1858). "Genus Montifringillla". A catalogue of the birds in the museum of the Hon. East-India Company. 1. London: W.H. Allen and Co. p. 491.
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1999). International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (4th ed.). London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. ISBN 0-85301-006-4. Archived from the original on 2009-05-24. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
Lei, Fu-Min; Wang, Ai-Zhen; Wang, Gang; Yin, Zuo-Hua (2005). "Vocalizations of red-necked snow finch, Pyrgilauda ruficollis on the Tibetan Plateau, China – a syllable taxonomic signal?" (PDF). Folia Zoologica. 54 (1–2): 135–146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-04-12. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
Mlíkovský, Jirí (1998). "Generic name of southern snowfinches" (PDF). Forktail. 14: 85. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2012.
Smith, J. D. D., ed. (2001). "[Moehring, P.H.G. (1758): Geslachten der Vogelen suppressed for nomenclatorial purposes]". Official lists and indexes of names and works in zoology, Supplement 1986–2000 (PDF). London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. p. 94. ISBN 0-85301-007-2.
Svensson, Lars; Zetterström, Dan; Mullarney, Killian; Grant, Peter J. (1999). Collins Bird Guide. London: Harper & Collins. ISBN 0-00-219728-6.
uBio (2005). "Digital Nomenclator Zoologicus, version 0.86". Archived from the original on 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2009-05-30.
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