Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Tyranni
Infraordo: Tyrannides
Parvordo: Furnariida
Superfamilia: Furnarioidea
Familia: Furnariidae
Genus: Metopothrix
Species: Metopothrix aurantiaca
Name
Metopothrix aurantiaca P.L. Sclater & Salvin, 1866
Synonyms
Metopothrix aurantiacus (protonym)
References
Sclater, P.L. & Salvin, O. 1866. Catalogue of Birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Ucayali, Eastern Peru, with Notes and Descriptions of New Species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Pt.2: 175–201. BHL Reference page. Original description p.190 BHL Illustration pl.18 BHL
Vernacular names
English: Orange-fronted Plushcrown
español: Coronafelpa
português: João-folheiro
The orange-fronted plushcrown (Metopothrix aurantiaca) is a species of bird in the Furnariinae subfamily of the ovenbird family Furnariidae.[2] It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[3]
Taxonomy and systematics
The orange-fronted plushcrown is the only member of its genus and has no subspecies.[2] Its plumage is so unlike that of most members of family Furnariidae that many authors have questioned whether it belongs there. Genetic data show that it and the two species of genus Xenerpestes are sisters, and they in turn are sisters to the pink-legged graveteiro (Acrobatornis fonsecai).[4][5][6]
At Ramal do Noca, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
Description
The orange-fronted plushcrown is 11 to 12 cm (4.3 to 4.7 in) long and weighs 10 to 12 g (0.35 to 0.42 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have an orange forehead ("front") and yellow lores, eyering, and supercilium; the last becomes greenish yellow behind the eye. They have a faint greenish olive line through the eye and greenish olive ear coverts. Their crown, back, rump, and tail are greenish olive, with the rump being somewhat paler. The "plush" of the crown is usually not apparent in the field. Their wings are dark olive fuscous with pale yellow edges on the coverts and flight feathers. Their throat is yellow and the rest of their underparts are dull yellowish green that is slightly paler on the belly. Their iris is brown to dark brown to gray, their maxilla black, their mandible black to gray, and their legs and feet bright yellow-orange to yellow. Juveniles have little or no orange and yellow on their face. It is the only species of furnariid with yellow/greenish plumage and yellow legs, in which it resembles a tanager or warbler.[5][7][8][9]
Distribution and habitat
The orange-fronted plushcrown is found in southeastern Colombia's Putumayo and Amazonas departments, eastern Ecuador and Peru, Beni Department in northeastern Bolivia, and from them into western Brazil east to the lower Juruá and upper Purus rivers. It inhabits forest along rivers and islands in them, mature secondary forest, and the edges of clearings in várzea and terra firme forest. It is seldom far from a river. In elevation it generally ranges from 150 to 650 m (490 to 2,100 ft); in Colombia it reaches only 500 m (1,600 ft).[5][7][8][9]
Behavior
Movement
The orange-fronted plushcrown is a year-round resident throughout its range.[5]
Feeding
The orange-fronted plushcrown feeds mostly on arthropods and has once been observed feeding on fruit. It typically forages in pairs or small groups that are thought to be families, and occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It usually forages from the forest's mid-storey to its canopy, gleaning prey from leaves and twigs often by hanging acrobatically from them.[5][8][9]
Breeding
The orange-fronted plushcrown's breeding season has not been defined but appears to start with nest building in January. Its nest is a large ball of sticks with a side entrance placed in a tree, typically between 4 and 20 m (13 and 66 ft) above the ground. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.[5][8]
Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.
Songs and calls
Listen to orange-fronted plushcrown on xeno-canto
Vocalization
The orange-fronted plushcrown's song is a descending series of three to five high thin notes.[5][7] Its call is a thin "tsweet-tsweet".[5][8]
Status
The IUCN has assessed the orange-fronted plushcrown as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range and an unknown population size that is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered generally uncommon but locally common and occurs in several protected areas. It might "benefit from limited deforestation, resulting in increasing its preferred edge habitats".[5]
References
BirdLife International (2021). "Orange-fronted Plushcrown Metopothrix aurantiaca". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22702679A181872407. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22702679A181872407.en. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 28 September 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved October 20, 2023
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 28 September 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved October 20, 2023
Remsen, Jr., J. V. (2020). Orange-fronted Plushcrown (Metopothrix aurantiaca), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.orfplu2.01 retrieved November 8, 2023
Harvey, M.G.; et al. (2020). "The evolution of a tropical biodiversity hotspot". Science. 370 (6522): 1343–1348. doi:10.1126/science.aaz6970. hdl:10138/329703. A high resolution version of the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 is available from the first author's website here.
van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 359–60. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
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