Mareca strepera
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Anseriformes
Familia: Anatidae
Genus: Mareca
Species: Mareca strepera
Subspecies: †M. s. couesi – M. s. strepera
Name
Mareca strepera (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy
Anas strepera (protonym)
Chaulelasmus streperus
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 125 BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
العربية: بط سماري
asturianu: Coríu Buxu
অসমীয়া: সৰুমূগী হাঁহ
azərbaycanca: Boz ördək
башҡортса: Һоро өйрәк
беларуская (тарашкевіца): Качка шэрая
беларуская: Качка-неразня
български: Сива патица
বাংলা: পিয়াং হাঁস
brezhoneg: Houad louet
català: Ànec griset
нохчийн: Мокха акха бад
čeština: Kopřivka obecná
чӑвашла: Сăрă кăвакал
Cymraeg: Hwyaden Lwyd
dansk: Knarand
Deutsch: Schnatterente
Ελληνικά: Καπακλής
English: Gadwall
Esperanto: Knaranaso
español: Ánade friso
eesti: Rääkspart
euskara: Ipar-ahate
فارسی: اردک اردهای
suomi: Harmaasorsa
føroyskt: Sutlont
Nordfriisk: Madelan
français: Canard chipeau
Frysk: Eastein
Gaeilge: Gadual
Gàidhlig: Lach glas
galego: Pato frisado
Gaelg: Laagh Ghlass
עברית: ברווז אפור
hrvatski: Patka kreketaljka
magyar: Kendermagos réce
հայերեն: Մոխրագույն բադ
íslenska: Gargönd
italiano: Canapiglia
日本語: オカヨシガモ
ქართული: რუხი იხვი
қазақша: Қоњыр үйрек
한국어: 알락오리
lietuvių: Pilkoji antis
latviešu: Pelēkā pīle
македонски: Сива патка
മലയാളം: ഗ്യാഡ്വാൾ
монгол: Бор нугас
मराठी: सोनुला पक्षी
Bahasa Melayu: Itik Bemban
Malti: Kuluvert Griż
မြန်မာဘာသာ: ဘဲမဲ
Plattdüütsch: Snateraante
नेपाली: खडखडे हाँस
Nederlands: Krakeend
norsk nynorsk: Snadderand
norsk: Snadderand
Diné bizaad: Naalʼeełí łibáhígíí
polski: Krakwa
پنجابی: گاڈوال
پښتو: خړاړه هيلۍ
português: Frisada
rumantsch: Anda baterlunza
română: Rață pestriță
русский: Серая утка
саха тыла: Дьаҕыл уйус
davvisámegiella: Ránessnárttal
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Patka kreketaljka
slovenčina: Kačica chripľavka
slovenščina: Konopnica
shqip: Rosa e përhimë
српски / srpski: Чегртуша
svenska: Snatterand
தமிழ்: கருவால் வாத்து
ไทย: เป็ดเทาก้นดำ
Türkçe: Boz ördek
українська: Нерозень
oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча: Irgʻa
vèneto: Mezan
Tiếng Việt: Vịt cánh trắng
吴语: 赤膀鸭
中文: 赤膀鸭
The gadwall (Mareca strepera) is a common and widespread dabbling duck[2] in the family Anatidae.
Contents
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
3 Distribution
4 Behaviour
5 Conservation
6 Gallery
7 References
8 Literature cited
9 External links
Taxonomy
The gadwall was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.[3] DNA studies have shown that it is a sister species with the falcated duck; the two are closely related to the three species of wigeons, and all of them have been assigned to the genus Mareca.[4][5] There are two subspecies:[6]
M. s. strepera, the common gadwall, described by Linnaeus, is the nominate subspecies.
daggerM. s. couesi, Coues's gadwall, extinct c. 1874, was formerly found only on Teraina, a coral atoll in the Pacific Ocean.[7]
The specific name strepera is Late Latin for "noisy".[8] The etymology of the word gadwall is not known, but the name has been in use since 1666.[9]
Description
The gadwall is 46–56 cm (18–22 in) long with a 78–90 cm (31–35 in) wingspan.[10] The male is slightly larger than the female, weighing on average 990 g (35 oz) against her 850 g (30 oz).[11] The breeding male is patterned grey, with a black rear end, light chestnut wings, and a brilliant white speculum, obvious in flight or at rest.[12] In non-breeding (eclipse) plumage, the drake looks more like the female, but retains the male wing pattern, and is usually greyer above and has less orange on the bill.[11]
The female is light brown, with plumage much like a female mallard. It can be distinguished from that species by the dark orange-edged bill, smaller size, the white speculum, and white belly.[12] Both sexes go through two moults annually, following a juvenile moult.[10]
The gadwall is a quieter duck, except during its courtship display. Females give a call similar to the quack of a female mallard but higher-pitched, transcribed as gag-ag-ag-ag. Males give a grunt, transcribed as mep, and a whistle.[11]
Distribution
The gadwall breeds in the northern areas of Europe and across the Palearctic, and central North America. In North America, its breeding range lies along the Saint Lawrence River, through the Great Lakes, Alberta, Saskatchewan, the Dakotas, south to Kansas, west to California, and along coastal Pacific Canada and southern coastal Alaska.[10][12] The range of this bird appears to be expanding into eastern North America. This dabbling duck is strongly migratory, and winters farther south than its breeding range, from coastal Alaska, south into Central America, and east into Idaho, Kansas, Ohio, Virginia, and then south all the way into Central America.[10][12]
In Great Britain, the gadwall is a scarce-breeding bird and winter visitor, though its population has increased in recent years. It is likely that its expansion was partly through introduction, mainly to England, and partly through colonization by continental birds staying to breed in Scotland. In Ireland a small breeding population has recently become established, centred on County Wexford in the south and Lough Neagh in the north.[13] The Gadwall is also seen in some parts of South Asia, particularly the southern part of India. [14]
Behaviour
Female and male dabbling, WWT London Wetland Centre, Barnes
The gadwall is a bird of open wetlands, such as prairie or steppe lakes, wet grassland or marshes with dense fringing vegetation, and usually feeds by dabbling for plant food with head submerged. They can also dive underwater for food, more proficiently than other dabbling ducks, and may also steal food from diving birds such as coots.[15] It nests on the ground, often some distance from water. It is not as gregarious as some dabbling ducks outside the breeding season and tends to form only small flocks.
Gadwalls are monogamous and may start breeding after their first year. Pair formation begins during fall migration or on breeding grounds, but has also been reported to occur in August when males are still in eclipse plumage. Gadwalls are generally quiet, except during courtship. The male utters a mep call during a display known as the burp, where he raises his head pointing his bill towards a female.[16] The grunt-whistle is similar to that of mallards, where the male rears his outstretched head with the bill dipped into water, displacing a stream of water droplets towards a nearby female as the bill is raised against the chest. During this display the male makes a loud whistle call followed by a low burp. [17] Paired males may follow other females in flight displays.[15][18]
Young birds feed on insects at first; adults also eat some molluscs and insects during the nesting season.
Conservation
Currently, the gadwall is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1] The gadwall is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. Populations have increased approximately 2.5% over the course of 49 years (from 1966 to 2010), and continue to grow. Gadwalls are one of the most hunted duck species (3rd to the mallard and green-winged teal), with 1.7 million shot each year.[citation needed]
Because of the efforts of the United States and Canadian groups Ducks Unlimited, Delta Waterfowl Foundation and other private conservation groups, the species continues to be sustainably hunted there.[2]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Mareca strepera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680149A86020572. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680149A86020572.en. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
"Gadwall, Life history". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae [Stockholm]: Laurentii Salvii. p. 125. Retrieved 10 August 2014. "A. macula alarum rufa nigra alba."
Johnson, Kevin P.; Sorenson, Michael D. (1999). "Phylogeny and biogeography of dabbling ducks (genus: Anas): A comparison of molecular and morphological evidence" (PDF). The Auk. 116 (3): 792–805. doi:10.2307/4089339. JSTOR 4089339.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
"ITIS Report: Anas strepera". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Hume, Julian P.; Walters, Michael (2012). Extinct Birds. London, UK: T. & A. D. Poyser. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4081-5725-1. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 46, 367. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"gadwall". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 24 August 2011.
Floyd, T. (2008). Smithsonian Field Guide to the Birds of North America. New York: HarperCollins.
Madge, Steve; Burn, Hilary (1988). Wildfowl: An Identification Guide to the Ducks, Geese and Swans of the World. Christopher Helm. pp. 200–202. ISBN 0-7470-2201-1.
Dunn, J.; Alderfer, J. (2006). National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America (5th ed.).
"Gadwall". Irish Birds. 9 (1): 68. 2010.
Frederick, Prince (2020-12-26). "Gadwalls join the party". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
Todd, Frank S. (1996). Natural history of the waterfowl. San Diego, Calif.: San Diego Natural History Museum. ISBN 0-934797-11-0. OCLC 36056940.
Dwyer, Thomas J. (1974). "Social Behavior of Breeding Gadwalls in North Dakota". The Auk. 91 (2): 375–386. ISSN 0004-8038.
Baldassarre, Guy A. (2014). Ducks, geese, and swans of North America (2 ed.). Baltimore. ISBN 978-1-4214-0751-7. OCLC 810772720.
Crabtree, Robert L.; Broome, Linda S.; Wolfe, Michael L. (1989). "Effects of Habitat Characteristics on Gadwall Nest Predation and Nest-Site Selection". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 53 (1): 129–137. doi:10.2307/3801319. ISSN 0022-541X.
Literature cited
Bishop, K. David (1999). "Preliminary notes on some birds in Bhutan" (PDF). Forktail. 15: 87. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Gadwall Duck Journal (Anas Strepera): 150 Page Lined Notebook/diary. N.p.: CreateSpace Publishing Platform, 2018. ISBN 9781724968739
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