Malaconotus lagdeni

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Corvida
Superfamilia: Corvoidea

Familia: Malaconotidae
Genus: Malaconotus
Species: Malaconotus lagdeni
Subspecies: M. l. centralis - M. l. lagdeni
Name

Malaconotus lagdeni (Sharpe, 1884)
References

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Pt1 p. 54

Vernacular names
English: Lagden's Bush-shrike
español: Gladiador de Lagden
suomi: Epolettilepinkäinen
Nederlands: Asjantiklauwier
svenska: Bergsbusktörnskata

Lagden's bushshrike (Malaconotus lagdeni) is a bird species in the bushshrike family (Malaconotidae) native to Africa. It is a stocky bird with yellow or orange-yellow underparts, olive green upperparts, a grey head and heavy bill. Two subspecies are recognised, one found in west Africa and one in central Africa.
Taxonomy

Richard Bowdler Sharpe described the species in 1884 as Laniarius lagdeni, from a specimen collected in the vicinity of Kumasi in Ghana. However there were no further sightings of the species in this locale for the whole 20th century.[1] He named it in honour of Sir Godfrey Yeatman Lagden, an English diplomat who served as Chief Clerk to the Secretary of the State of Transvaal and Secretary to Sir Owen Lanyon.[2]

There are two disjunct populations, classified as separate subspecies: Malaconotus lagdeni lagdeni, from eastern Sierra Leone, through Liberia, Ivory Coast and southern Ghana to western Togo, and Malaconotus lagdeni centralis, in the Albertine Rift montane forests in Uganda.[3] [4] The western subspecies has more orange tinge on the underparts while the central African subspecies has none.[5][6]
Description

Lagden's bushshrike is a stocky bird some 23 cm long with a heavy black bill. The adult male and female are similar in plumage. The upper parts, including the wings and tail, are olive-green, and the head is dark grey. The underparts are yellow, sometimes tinged orange on the breast. The tail is edged with yellow. The legs are bluish grey.[5]

Juveniles have duller plumage overall, with brownish upperparts yellow or white underparts, sometimes with some streaking, and a grey-brown bill.[5]

It can be distinguished from the fiery-breasted bushshrike as the latter species has a much redder breast and light grey head.[5]

The call has been described as a hoop hoop or a toot toot....[5][7] Others have said it is a "bell note" call, like the grey-headed bushshrike but at a higher pitch.[6] This avian vocalization has been described using the odd consonant-filled word "Chrrrr".[A] Recordings of the calls exist.[9][10][11]

Loud flapping ("fripping") of wings commonly associated.[5]
Distribution and habitat

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests in west Africa to an elevation of around 700 m, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests in Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo at an elevation of 2100 to 2800 m.[5] Classified in the IUCN Red List as Near Threatened, it is becoming rare due to habitat loss.[1] One of the 1,487 bird species of eastern Africa,[12] it is considered to be a "very rare mountain forest species".[13] It is one of the 235 different species sighted at Kyabobo National Park.[14]
Feeding

Lagden's bushshrike hunts large insects, such as grasshoppers, and other arthropods, as well as small vertebrates, foraging in forest canopy 10–30 m (35–100 ft) above the ground.[5][15]
References
Notes

Which is also designated as a camel driver command, and the "courting call of a Gecko."[8] Still other observers and ornithologists describe the song differently.[7]

Citations

BirdLife International (2016). "Malaconotus lagdeni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22707722A94134982. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22707722A94134982.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Beolens, Watkins & Grayson 2014, p. 715.
Westoll 1998, p. 464.
Briggs & Roberts 2013, pp. 68–69, 273, 287, 322.
Harris 2010, p. 212.
Stevenson & Fanshawe 2004, p. 476.
Borrow & Demey 2013, p. 274.
Conley 2009, pp. 42–43.
Sucaet, Ryan. "Lagden's Bush-shrike, Malaconotus lagdeni centralis Recording AV#7239" (Audio). Uganda: Bwindi National Park, Ruhija Gate (−1.07, 29.758): Avian Vocalizations Center, Michigan State University. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
"Malaconotus-lagdeni". Cornell Lab of Ornithology Macaulay Library Cornell University. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
Sinclair, Ian (1990). "Lagden's Bushshrike – Malaconotus lagdeni" (Audio). Ivory Coast: Cornell Lab of Ornithology Macaulay Library Cornell University. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
van Perlo 2009, p. 180.
Williams & Arlott 1988, p. 283.
Parks and Reserves of Ghana: Management Effectiveness Assessment of Protected Areas (PDF). IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2010. pp. 16–17. Retrieved February 10, 2017. "There are at least 235 different species of birds in Kyabobo. Lagden's bush shrike Malaconotus lagdeni is listed as globally "Near Threatened" and is a new record for Ghana"

del Hoyo, Elliott & Sargatal 2009, pp. 68, 83.

Bibliography

Books

Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (2013). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 68–69, 273, 287, 322. ISBN 9781841624679.
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2014). The Eponym Dictionary of Birds. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 715. ISBN 9781472905741. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Borrow, Nik; Demey, Ron (2013). Field Guide to the Birds of Ghana. Bloomsbury. p. 274. ISBN 9781408189023. "Various melodious hoots and whistles, most distinctive are far carrying, slow hoot, hoot-hoot, followed after pause, by two whistles, hweet-huuu"
Conley, Craig (January 18, 2009). Wye's Dictionary Of Improbable Words: All-Vowel Words And All-Consonant Words (Paperback). CreateSpace. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9781441455277. "Chrrrr The "harsh and raucous" call of the Lagden's Bushshrike as described in Shrikes and Bushshrikes by Tony Harris"
del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (October 2009). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 14. Barcelona: Buteo Books, Lynx Edicions. pp. 68, 83. ISBN 9788496553507.
Harris, Tony (2010). Shrikes and Bush-shrikes: Including Wood-shrikes, Helmet-shrikes, Shrike Flycatchers, Philentomas, Batises and Wattle-eyes. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, A & C Black. pp. 212–13. ISBN 978-1-4081-3459-7.
Stevenson, Terry; Fanshawe, John (January 2004). Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi (Paperback Edition) (1st, Imprint ed.). London, UK: Christopher Helm. p. 476. ISBN 9780713673470.
van Perlo, Ber (January 2009). Birds of Eastern Africa. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 180. ISBN 9780691141701.
Westoll, Tim (1998). The Complete Illustrated Check List of the Birds of the World. Glinger Publications. p. 464. ISBN 9780953336708.
Williams, John George; Arlott, Norman (June 1988) [1980]. The Collins field guide to the birds of East Africa. Lexington, Mass. New York, NY, U.S.A.: S. Greene Press distributed by Viking Penguin. p. 283. ISBN 9780828906616.

Further reading
Gosler, Andrew; Perrins, Christopher M. (January 19, 2007) [1991]. The photographic guide to birds of the world (1st, 1st Printing ed.). Mallard Press, Firefly Books. p. 352. ISBN 978-1554072415.