Loriculus galgulus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Psittaciformes

Familia: Psittaculidae
Genus: Loriculus
Species: Loriculus galgulus
Name

Loriculus galgulus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Original combination: Psittacus galgulus

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 103. Open access Reference page.

Vernacular names
català: Loriculus galgulus
Deutsch: Blaukrönchen
English: Blue-crowned hanging parrot
español: Lorículo coroniazul
suomi: Riauriippukaija
français: Coryllis à tête bleue
magyar: Kékfejű denevérpapagáj
Bahasa Indonesia: Serindit
italiano: Pappagallo acrobata capoblu
Bahasa Melayu: Serindit hujung kulon
Nederlands: Blauwkroontje
polski: Zwisogłówka koroniasta
پنجابی: نیلی بودی طوطا
русский: Синеголовый висячий попугайчик
svenska: Blåkronad fladdermuspapegoja
ไทย: นกหกเล็กปากดำ

The blue-crowned hanging parrot (Loriculus galgulus) is a parrot species endemic to southern Burma and Thailand, Malaya, Singapore, and Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Borneo). These parrots are 12cm in height and weight 28g and have a longevity of 14 years. They are recognized by their green plumage, black beak and characteristic blue feathers arranged like a crown on their head.
Taxonomy

The blue-crowned hanging parrot was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other parrots in the genus Psittacus and coined the binomial name Psittacus galgulus.[2] The type locality is the Malaysian state of Malacca.[3] The blue-crowned hanging parrot is now one of 14 hanging parrots placed in the genus Loriculus that was introduced in 1849 by the English zoologist Edward Blyth.[4][5] The genus name is a diminutive of the genus Lorius that was introduced by Nicholas Aylward Vigors for the lorys in 1825. The specific epithet galgulus is an unidentified small bird described by the Roman author Pliny the Elder as hanging by its feet.[6] The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[5]
Description

Blue-crowned hanging parrots have green plumage and adults have black beaks. There is sexual dimorphism between males and females of the species.[7] Adult males have a characteristic blue "crown" patch on their head and a red mark on their throat as well as a red rump bordered by a yellow lower back. Adult females plumage is duller green in color compared to the males, they do not have the red throat mark and have a less apparent or absent blue crown on the head and lack yellow feathers on their lower back. Juveniles' plumage is dull green, they also have little to no blue crown patch, they have a little to no blue crown visible and their bills are light in color.[8] [9]

The calls these birds make when flying are shrill and squeaky. When flying in flocks, the calls can be described as rapid and ringing. As they forage, they utter shrill two-syllable calls.[10]
Distribution and habitat

The blue-crowned hanging parrot is distributed throughout southern Thailand, western Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Borneo and other nearby islands. The parrot inhabits forests, forest edges, swamps, riverine forest, bamboo patches, mangrove wooded gardens, and coconut groves, as well as plantations.[11]

Throughout its range, Sulawesi is the only area where more than one Loriculus species is found because intraspecific competition usually prevents other closely related species from overlapping.[12]
Behaviour

The hanging parrot can be observed travelling alone, in pairs, or in parties of 150 individuals in the canopy. [13] During the mating season, bonded pairs will remain together and the male will chase off any other male that approaches. [14]

Characteristic of hanging parrots, the blue-crowned hanging parrot sleeps upside down by hanging from tree branches. The birds climb or fly up tall trees and will hang by either both feet or only one foot and will fluff their feathers and tuck their head and neck into their body. This behaviour evolved in order to limit nighttime predation. The parrot's green plumage and hanging sleeping position imitates leaves among trees to camouflage themselves among the foliage. This behaviour was likely evolved from a common ancestor of Loriculus and Agapornis parrots endemic to Africa.

Young and sick birds are unable to hang and will perch sitting upright to sleep with their head turned to one side while tucked into the back feathers. Young birds have undeveloped modifications necessary for hanging but develop these rapidly as they fledge.[14]
Breeding

The blue-crowned hanging parrot forms bonded pairs during January to July for the breeding season. In order to court a female, the male will display by strutting; where the red rump, tail coverts, and red throat feathers are fluffed up. The male will erect his body and spread his tail and bob his head while running across a branch or perch. With wings held low, he makes soft twittery "jeet jeet" call while showing off his red and gold rump on his lower back to nearby females. In response, a female who is not impressed by the male will react aggressively by chasing him away, or she may act indifferently. If the female is interested in the male, she will actively encourage him and accept food from him. The pair's bond is maintained in this species through courtship feeding where the male will regurgitate food and offer it to a female. The female who accepts the food will perch close to the male and they then spend most of their time together.[14]

The parrots will carry nesting material in their contour feathers by tucking them with their beaks. The nests are built by the bird in natural cavities like open tree branches and made out of substrate like bark and leaves the bird finds in its habitat. The females have a gestation period of 20 days where she will incubate her eggs inside the nest. A single clutch can have up to 4 eggs and the chicks leave the nest about 33 days after hatching.[9][15]
Food and feeding

Hanging parrots eat mainly fruits, such as papaya and rambutan, in the wild but will also feed on palm oil nuts, seeds, nectar, and fresh flowers. The blue-crowned hanging parrot employs different feeding methods. Young birds usually use their mandibles to nibble and break off pieces of food when perching and will flick their heads rapidly to remove the pulp after extracting its juice. Adults use their feet or bills to carry food and will feed when perching. Feeding usually occurs away from the food source after being carried to a perch. The bird can bring the food held up by the foot to its beak to feed and they can also hold up their foot and lower their head to feed. Other methods involve holding the food between its claws on the perch and lowering the head completely to feed.[14]
Relationship to humans

This species is commonly called Serindit Melayu in the Riau province and are typically kept as pets. The blue-crowned hanging parrot are important to the flora and Riau identity. Its name is used in "Hulu Keris", an important symbol of the province as part of the traditional clothing of Riau symbolizing courage, wisdom when upholding truth and justice. In Riau folklore stories of the faunal world, the hanging parrot is referred to as Panglima Hijau. In Malay literature, the blue-crowned hanging parrot symbolically represents love and is considered a love-bird. It is also commonly referred to in rhymes and poetry and is used in ritual activities.[16]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Loriculus galgulus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22685384A93070938. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685384A93070938.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 103.
Peters, James Lee, ed. (1937). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 258.
Blyth, Edward (1849). "A supplemental note to the Catalogue of the Birds in the Asiatic Society's Museum". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 18, Part 2 (32): 800–821 [801].
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 231, 169. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Smith, G. A. (2008-04-03). "Systematics of Parrots". Ibis. 117 (1): 18–68. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1975.tb04187.x. ISSN 0019-1019.
"Parrots in the Afro-Asian Distribution (Plates 63–76)". Parrots of the World. Princeton University Press. 2010-09-27. pp. 146–173. doi:10.1515/9781400836208.146. ISBN 978-1-4008-3620-8.
Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-84309-164-6.
"Blue-crowned Hanging Parrots or Malay Lorikeets | Beauty of Birds". www.beautyofbirds.com. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
Kasper, Ron (2002). "Blue-crowned Hanging-parrot (Loriculus galgulus)". AFA Watchbird. 29 (1): 24–25.
Balen, Bas van; Lewis, Alan (1991). "Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot on Java". KUKILA. 5 (2): 140–141. ISSN 0216-9223.
"Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot (Loriculus galgulus) | Parrot Encyclopedia". www.parrots.org. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
Buckley, Francine G. (1968). "Behaviour of the Blue-Crowned Hanging Parrot Loriculus galgulus with comparative notes on the Vernal Hanging Parrot L. vernalis". Ibis. 110 (2): 145–164. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1968.tb00438.x.
"Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot | North Carolina Zoo". www.nczoo.org. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
ELFIS; Titisari, Prima Wahyu; NUNUT SUHARNI; KHAIRANI; NADIATUL JANNA; TIKA PERMATASARI; INDRY CHAHYANA (2020-03-27). "Ethnoornithological study in selected villages of Riau Province, Indonesia". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 21 (4). doi:10.13057/biodiv/d210445. ISSN 2085-4722.