Lonchura striata

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea

Familia: Estrildidae
Genus: Lonchura
Species: Lonchura striata
Subspecies: L. s. acuticauda – L. s. fumigata – L. s. semistriata – L. s. striata – L. s. subsquamicollis – L. s. swinhoei
Name

Lonchura striata (Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonymy

Loxia striata (protonym)

References

Systema Naturae ed.12, 1 (1): 306.

Vernacular names
العربية: مونيا أبيض الردف
भोजपुरी: लौन्चुरा स्ट्रेटा
বাংলা: ধলাকোমর মুনিয়া
català: Maniquí de carpó blanc
čeština: Panenka bronzová
Cymraeg: Manicin tinwyn
dansk: Spidshalet Bronzefinke
Deutsch: Spitzschwanz-Bronzemännchen
English: White-rumped Munia
español: Capuchino culiblanco
eesti: Pugal-amadiin
فارسی: سهره ریز دمگاه‌سفید
suomi: Valkoperämanikki
français: Capucin domino
हिन्दी: सफेद पुट्ठे वाली मुनिया
magyar: Hegyesfarkú bronzpinty
Bahasa Indonesia: Bondol tunggir-putih
italiano: Munia groppabianca
日本語: コシジロキンパラ
ಕನ್ನಡ: ಬಿಳಿಪೃಷ್ಠದ ರಾಟವಾಳ
lietuvių: Smailiauodegė munija
latviešu: Baltsprākles smailastīte
മലയാളം: ആറ്റക്കറുപ്പൻ
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Pipit Tuli
မြန်မာဘာသာ: သင်ပေါင်းစာ
नेपाली: सेतोढाडे मुनियाँ
Nederlands: Spitsstaartbronzemannetje
norsk: Hvitgumpnonne
polski: Mniszka białorzytna
português: Capuchinho-de-sobre-branco
русский: Острохвостая бронзовая амадина
slovenčina: Mníška bronzová
Sunda: Piit
svenska: Vitgumpsmunia
தமிழ்: வெண்முதுகுச் சில்லை
ไทย: นกกระติ๊ดตะโพกขาว
українська: Мунія гострохвоста
Tiếng Việt: Di cam
中文: 白腰文鳥

The white-rumped munia (Lonchura striata) or white-rumped mannikin, sometimes called striated finch in aviculture, is a small passerine bird from the family of waxbill "finches" (Estrildidae). These are not close relatives of the true finches (Fringillidae) or true sparrows (Passeridae).

It is native to tropical continental Asia and some adjacent islands, and has been naturalized in some parts of Japan. Its domesticated descendant, the society finch or Bengalese finch, is found worldwide as a pet and a biological model organism.
Taxonomy

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the white-rumped munia in his Ornithologie based on a specimen that he believed had been collected from the Isle de Bourbon (Réunion). The specimen is now assumed to have come from Sri Lanka.[2] He used the French name Le gros-bec de l'Isle de Bourbon and the Latin Coccothraustes Borbonica.[3] Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.[4] When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson.[4] One of these was the white-rumped munia. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Loxia striata and cited Brisson's work.[5] The specific name striata is Latin for "striated ".[6] This species is now placed in the genus Lonchura that was introduced by the English naturalist William Henry Sykes in 1832.[7]

There are six subspecies:[8]

L. s. acuticauda (Hodgson, 1836) – northern Indian mainland below c. 1,500 metres ASL, north through the Himalayas foothills of Bhutan and Nepal to the Dehradun region of Uttarakhand, India across to Bangladesh to northern Indochina

Medium brown above, except on the face and remiges, buffy below

L. s. striata (Linnaeus, 1766) – southern Indian mainland, Sri Lanka

Dark chocolate-brown above, white below

L. s. fumigata (Walden, 1873) – Andaman Islands
L. s. semistriata (Hume, 1874) – Car Nicobar and Central (Nancowry) group, Nicobar Islands
L. s. subsquamicollis (Baker, ECS, 1925) – Malay Peninsula to southern Indochina
L. s. swinhoei (Cabanis, 1882) – east central and east China, Taiwan

A domesticated hybrid called the society finch, sometimes called Lonchura domestica is said by some sources to have L. s. striata in its ancestry, although other theories suggest contributions from the white-throated munia. The hybrid with numerous variants in plumage are thought to have been established by aviculturists in Japan.[9]
Description

The white-rumped munia is approximately 10 to 11 cm in length, with a stubby grey bill and a long black pointed tail. The adults are brown above and on the breast, and lighter below; the rump is white. There is some variation between the subspecies, but the sexes are almost impossible to distinguish in all subspecies; males have a more bulky head and bill.[10]
Habitat and distribution

The white-rumped munia is a common resident breeder ranging from the Indian subcontinent to southern China east to Taiwan, and through Southeast Asia south to Sumatra; it frequents open woodland, grassland and scrub, and is well able to adapt to agricultural land use. It is a gregarious bird which feeds mainly on seeds, moving through the undergrowth in groups and sometimes accompanying other birds such as puff-throated babblers (Pellorneum ruficeps). The nest is a large domed grass structure in a tree, bush or grass into which three to eight white eggs are laid.[10][11][12] They are also known to use abandoned nests of Baya weaver. They are often found near water and have been observed feeding on algae. It has been suggested that they obtain protein from their diet of algae often in the species Spirogyra, which grows in paddy fields.[13][14][15]

It is a common and widespread bird across its large range, and is thus not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. In fact, it may locally become a nuisance pest of millets and similar grains. Even the Nicobar Islands subspecies with its limited range seems to be able to cope well with human settlement. As it is a drab-coloured and rather reclusive bird inhabiting dense undergrowth, the white-rumped munia is not necessarily conspicuous even where it occurs in considerable numbers.[1][16][17]
Gallery

References

BirdLife International (2016). "Lonchura striata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22719806A94645276. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1968). Check-list of birds of the world. Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 373.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 3. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 243–244, Plate 13 fig 4. The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
Allen, J.A. (1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 317–335. hdl:2246/678.
Linnaeus, Carl (1766). Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (12th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 306.
Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
Sykes, William Henry (1832). "Catalogue of birds of the raptorial and insessorial orders (systematically arranged,) observed in the Dukhun". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 2 (18): 77–99 [94].
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Waxbills, parrotfinches, munias, whydahs, Olive Warbler, accentors, pipits". World Bird List Version 8.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
Svanberg, Ingvar (2008). "Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (Lonchura domestica)". Der Zoologische Garten. 77 (5–6): 334–344. Bibcode:2008DZGar..77..334S. doi:10.1016/j.zoolgart.2008.05.003. ISSN 0044-5169.
Grimmett, Richard; Inskipp, Carol, Inskipp, Tim & Byers, Clive (1999): Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., ISBN 0-691-04910-6
Inskipp, Carol & Inskipp, Tim & Sherub (2000). "The ornithological importance of Thrumshingla National Park, Bhutan" (PDF). Forktail. 14: 147–162.
Singh, A.P. (2002). "New and significant records from Dehra Dun valley, lower Garhwal Himalayas, India" (PDF). Forktail. 18: 151–153. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
Pillai, NG. "On the food of the Whitebacked Munia Lonchura striata". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 7 (12): 6–7.
Pillai, N. G. (1968). "The greenalgae, Spirogyra sp., in the diet of the White-backedMunia, Lonchura striata (Linn.)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 65: 490–491.
Avery, ML. "Diet and breeding seasonality of sharp-tailed munias, Lonchura striata, in Malaysia" (PDF). Auk. 97 (1): 160–166. doi:10.1093/auk/97.1.160.
Bangs, Outram (1932). "Birds of western China obtained by the Kelley-Roosevelts expedition". Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. Publication. 18 (11): 343–379. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3192.
Sankaran, R. (1991). "An annotated list of the endemic avifauna of the Nicobar islands" (PDF). Forktail. 13: 17–22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2009-05-23.