Larvivora brunnea

Larvivora brunnea, Photo: Clement Francis M

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Muscicapoidea

Familia: Muscicapidae
Genus: Larvivora
Species: Larvivora brunnea
Subspecies: L. b. brunnea – L. b. wickhami
Name

Larvivora brunnea (Hodgson, 1837)
Synonyms

Erithacus brunnea
Luscinia brunnea

References

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 6: 102.

Vernacular names
English: Indian Blue Robin
español: Ruiseñor indio
français: Rossignol indien
magyar: Narancsszínű fülemüle
മലയാളം: നിലത്തൻ
кырык мары: Инди шӹжвӹк
नेपाली: नीलो रबिन
Nederlands: Oranje nachtegaal
polski: Słowik himalajski
svenska: Himalayanäktergal
中文: 栗腹歌鸲

The Indian blue robin (Larvivora brunnea) is a small bird found in the Indian Subcontinent. Formerly considered a thrush, it is now considered one of the Old World flycatchers in the family Muscicapidae. It was earlier also called the Indian blue chat. It is migratory, breeding in the forests along the Himalayas of Nepal, India, Myanmar and Bangladesh.[1] They winter in the hill forests of the Western Ghats of India and in Sri Lanka.
Taxonomy

The Indian blue robin was described by Hodgson who placed it in a new genus Larvivora but it was later placed in the genus Luscinia. A large-sample molecular phylogenetic study published in 2010 found that Luscinia was not monophyletic. The genus was therefore split and several species including Indian blue robin were moved to the reinstated genus Larvivora.[3][4] Larvivora is a sister of the species Brachypteryx cruralis, Brachypteryx leucophrys and Brachypteryx hyperythra.[5]
Description

The Indian blue robin is similar in size to the related bluethroat at 15 cm long. The adult male has blue upperparts and rufous underparts. A bright white supercilium contrasts with a black mask that continues down the neck. The lower belly and undertail are also whitish. The female is olive brown above and buff below with a light eye-ring and rufescent rump. The breast and flanks are buffy.[6][7]

Young birds are dark brown with buff spots.[8][9]
Distribution

The nominate race breeds from Eastern Afghanistan to the eastern Himalayas. Race wickhami (Stuart Baker, 1916) breeds in the Chin Hills of western Myanmar and is said to be non-migratory.[10]
Behaviour and ecology

The Indian blue robin is insectivorous and feeds mainly on the ground. It skulks in undergrowth and hops on the ground, frequently flicking and fanning its tail.[6] The breeding season is May to July and the nest is a large cup of vegetation placed on the ground between the roots of large fir tree or in depression. The nest is lined with roots, hair and down. The usual clutch is 4 light blue eggs.[10][11] Only the female is believed to incubate but both sexes take part feeding the young.[8] The cuckoo Cuculus canorus has been recorded in old literature as a brood parasite of the species.[10]

These birds arrive in the Himalayan breeding grounds in May and leave in September. Southward migration begins in August. During the migratory season they may be found as passage migrants all over peninsular India.[10][12][13] In winter they are found mainly in the hill forests of southern India,[14] the Western Ghats and in Sri Lanka. They arrive in mid-September and leave the winter quarters in mid-April. Males appeared to be commoner than females in a survey conducted in the Nilgiris suggesting either differences in the timing of migration of males and females or variation in wintering areas.[15][16] At Point Calimere they have been regularly trapped during October and November on their return migration from Sri Lanka but rarely on the southward migration with suggestions that they may follow different routes.[17]

The habitat in which they are found is usually dense and dark forest with undergrowth and leaf litter. They sing and call in their winter grounds. The song consists of a sudden and sharp series of whistles ending in a rapid series of notes. They also utter a sharp and low clicking alarm note.[6]
References

BirdLife International (2019) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Larvivora brunnea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22709727A155597425. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22709727A155597425.en. Retrieved 13 January 2020.
Hodgson, Brian Houghton (1837). "On three new genera or sub-genera of long-legged thrushes, with descriptions of their species". The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 6: 102.
Sangster, G.; Alström, P.; Forsmark, E.; Olsson, U. (2010). "Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (1): 380–392. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.008. PMID 20656044.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2016). "Chats, Old World flycatchers". World Bird List Version 6.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Robin, V.V.; Vishnudas, C. K.; Gupta, Pooja; Rheindt, Frank E.; Hooper, Daniel M.; Ramakrishnan, Uma; Reddy, Sushma (2017). "Two new genera of songbirds represent endemic radiations from the Shola Sky Islands of the Western Ghats, India". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 31. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0882-6. PMC 5259981. PMID 28114902.
Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 393.
Baker, ECS (1924). Fauna of British India. Birds. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 14–15.
Ali, S; S D Ripley (1997). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 229–231. ISBN 0-19-562063-1.
Ali, S; Whistler, H (1935). "The ornithology of Travancore and Cochin, part 3". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 38 (2): 282–320.
Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Fourth edition. Gurney and Jackson. pp. 83–85.
Vietinghoff-Scheel, Erika V. (1989). "Luscinia brunnea" (PDF). Atlas der Verbreitung palaearktischer Vögel, 16 (in German). Akademie Verlag, Berlin.
Prasad, JN; Srinivasa, TS (1992). "Indian Blue Chat Erithacus brunneus (Hodgson) in Bangalore". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (2): 257.
Bharos, Ajit (1992). "Sighting of an Indian Blue Chat Erithacus brunneus (Hodgson) at Raipur, Madhya Pradesh". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (3): 377.
Shivanand, Thejaswi; A. Shivaprakash (2004). "Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea winters at Chamundi Hill and Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, Mysore, South India" (PDF). Newsletter for Ornithologists. 1 (4): 54–56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-26. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
Khan, A. R. (1980). "Wintering habits of the Blue Chat (Erithacus brunneus) (Hodgson), in the Nilgiris, southern India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 75 (3): 1153–1156.
Prasad, J. N.; S. Karthikeyan & S. Subramanya (1995). "Wintering of Indian Blue Chat, Erithacus brunneus (Hodgson) and Pied Ground Thrush Zoothera wardii Blyth at Nandi Hills, south India". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 92 (1): 267–269.
Sugathan, R (1982). "Some interesting aspects of the avifauna of the Point Calimere Sanctuary, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79 (3): 567–575.