Lanius schach

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Corvida
Superfamilia: Corvoidea

Familia: Laniidae
Genus: Lanius
Species: Lanius schach
Subspecies: L. s. bentet – L. s. caniceps – L. s. erythronotus – L. s. longicaudatus – L. s. nasutus – L. s. schach – L. s. stresemanni – L. s. suluensis – L. s. tricolor
Name

Lanius schach Linnaeus, 1758

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 94. Open access Reference page.

Vernacular names
български: Дългоопашата сврачка
català: Capsigrany cuallarg
Cymraeg: Cigydd cynffonhir Asia
Deutsch: Schachwürger
English: Long-tailed Shrike
Esperanto: Longvosta lanio
español: Alcaudón schach
euskara: Antzandobi burubeltz
فارسی: سنگ‌چشم دمگاه حنایی
suomi: Ruskoperälepinkäinen
français: Pie-grièche schach
magyar: Hosszúfarkú gébics
Bahasa Indonesia: Bentet Kelabu
italiano: Averla dalla coda lunga
日本語: タカサゴモズ
Jawa: Manuk cendhet
қазақша: Ұзынқұйрық тағанақ
한국어: 긴꼬리때까치
മലയാളം: ചാരക്കുട്ടൻ ഷ്രൈക്ക്
монгол: Алаг дунхай
मराठी: खाटिक
Bahasa Melayu: Tirjup Ekor Panjang
नेपाली: भद्राई
Nederlands: Langstaartklauwier
polski: Dzierzba zmienna
Sunda: Toéd
svenska: Rostgumpad törnskata
தமிழ்: செம்முதுகு கீச்சான்
Türkçe: Uzun kuyruklu örümcek kuşu
Tiếng Việt: Bách thanh đuôi dài
中文: 棕背伯劳

The long-tailed shrike or rufous-backed shrike (Lanius schach) is a member of the bird family Laniidae, the shrikes. They are found widely distributed across Asia and there are variations in plumage across the range. The species ranges across much of Asia, both on the mainland and the eastern archipelagos. The eastern or Himalayan subspecies, L. s. tricolor, is sometimes called the black-headed shrike. Although there are considerable differences in plumage among the subspecies, they all have a long and narrow black tail, have a black mask and forehead, rufous rump and flanks and a small white patch on the shoulder. It is considered to form a superspecies with the grey-backed shrike (Lanius tephronotus) which breeds on the Tibetan Plateau.
Taxonomy

The long-tailed shrike was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Lanius schach. Linnaeus cited the description that the Swedish explorer Pehr Osbeck had included in the account of his stay in China.[2][3] The type locality is the Canton area of China.[4] The genus name, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as "butcher birds" because of their feeding habits. The specific schach is an onomatopoeic name based on the call.[5] The common English name "shrike" is from Old English scríc, "shriek", referring to the shrill call.[6]

Nine subspecies are recognised:[7]

L. s. erythronotus (Vigors, 1831) – south Kazakhstan to northeast Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-central India
L. s. caniceps Blyth, 1846 – west, central, south India and Sri Lanka
L. s. tricolor Hodgson, 1837 – Nepal and east India through Myanmar and south China to north Laos and north Thailand
L. s. schach Linnaeus, 1758 – central, southeast China to north Vietnam
L. s. longicaudatus Ogilvie-Grant, 1902 – central, southeast Thailand and south Laos
L. s. bentet Horsfield, 1821 – Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sundas and Borneo
L. s. nasutus Scopoli, 1786 – Philippines (except Palawan group and Sulu Archipelago)
L. s. suluensis (Mearns, 1905) – Sulu Archipelago (south Philippines)
L. s. stresemanni Mertens, 1923 – montane east New Guinea

Stuart Baker in the second edition of The Fauna of British India considered Lanius schach, Lanius tephronotus and Lanius tricolor as three species. He considered nigriceps as synonymous with tricolor and included erythronotus as a race of schach. Other treatments were proposed by Hugh Whistler and N B Kinnear where tephronotus was considered a subspecies of schach and nigriceps and nasutus grouped together. Another treatment considered tricolor as a subspecies of L. tephronotus.[8] It was subsequently however noted that tephronotus and schach co-occurred in the Kumaon region and so the two were confirmed as distinct species. Molecular distances also indicate that they are distant enough.[9] The erythronotus group have a grey head which continues into the back with a gradual suffusion of rufous. The westernmost population from Transcaspia named by Sergei Buturlin as jaxartensis and said to be larger, is not considered valid.[10] A very light grey form from western dry region of India named by Walter Koelz as kathiawarensis is also considered merely as a variant.[11] In southern India and Sri Lanka, subspecies caniceps, is marked by the rufous restricted to the rump, light crown and the pure grey on the back. Biswamoy Biswas supported the view that nigriceps (having upper mantle grey and lower mantle rufous) was a hybrid of tricolor and erythronotus.[12][13]

Subspecies longicaudatus has a greyer crown and is found in Thailand and Burma. The nominate subspecies is found in China from the Yangtze valley south to Hainan and Taiwan. Some individuals of the nominate form show melanism and were once described as a species fuscatus.[9][14] Island forms include nasutus (Philippine Islands from Mindanao to Luzon and north Borneo), suluensis (Sulu Island), bentet (Sunda Islands and Sumatra other than Borneo) and stresemanni of New Guinea.[4]
Description

The long-tailed shrike is a typical shrike, favouring dry open habitats and found perched prominently atop a bush or on a wire. The dark mask through the eye is broad and covers the forehead in most subspecies and the whole head is black in subspecies tricolor and nasutus. The tail is narrow and graduated with pale rufous on the outer feathers. Subspecies erythronotus has the grey of the mantle and upper back suffused with rufous while the southern Indian caniceps has pure grey.[15] A small amount of white is present at the base of the primaries. The bay-backed shrike is smaller and more contrastingly patterned and has a more prominent white patch on the wing. The sexes are alike in plumage.[16]
Distribution and habitat

The species is found across Asia from Kazakhstan to New Guinea. It is found mainly in scrub and open habitats. Many of the temperate zone populations are migratory, moving south in winter while those in the tropics tend to be sedentary although they may make short distance movements. Subspecies caniceps of southern India is found in winter in the dry coastal zone of southern India.[15][17] Subspecies tricolor migrates south to Bengal in India.[18] They are found in scrub, grassland and open land under cultivation. A survey in southern India found them to be among the commonest wintering shrikes and found at a linear density along roadsides at about 0.58 per kilometer, often choosing wires to perch.[19]

This species is a rare vagrant to western Europe on the strength of two accepted records in Great Britain on South Uist in November 2000[20] and the Netherlands near Den Helder in October 2011. A bird matching the features of caniceps was seen on the island of Maldives.[21] It has also occurred as a vagrant to Jordan,[22] Israel, Turkey,[23]
Behaviour and ecology
Upright posture (ssp. erythronotus (Keoladeo National Park, India)

This bird has a characteristic upright "shrike" attitude when perched on a bush, from which it glides down at an angle to take lizards, large insects, small birds and rodents. They maintain feeding territories and are usually found single or in pairs that are well spaced out. Several members have been observed indulging in play behaviour fighting over perches.[24] The usual calls are harsh grating and scolding calls, likened to the squealing of a frog caught by a snake. They are capable of vocal mimicry and include the calls of many species including lapwings, cuckoos, puppies and squirrels in their song.[15] This singing ability makes it a popular pet in parts of southeast Asia.[25][26]

Long-tailed shrikes take a wide variety of animal prey. On occasion, they have been noted capturing fish from a stream.[27] They also take small snakes.[28] It sometimes indulges in kleptoparasitism and takes prey from other birds. It also captures flying insects in the air. They sometimes impale prey on a thorny bush after feeding just on the head or brain. They have been reported to feed on the fruits of the neem in Kerala, even attempting to impale them on a twig.[15][29]

The breeding season is in summer in the temperate ranges. The nest is a deep and loose cup made up of thorny twigs, rags and hair. This is placed in a thorny bush, trees such as Flacourtia and wild date palms (Phoenix).[30] The usual clutch is about 3 to 6 eggs which are incubated by both sexes. The eggs hatch after about 13 to 16 days. Young chicks are often fed with pieces of small birds captured by the parents.[31] A second brood may be raised in the same nest. They are sometimes parasitized by cuckoos such as the common cuckoo (Dehra Dun), common hawk-cuckoo, Jacobin cuckoo and the Asian koel in Bangladesh.[15][32]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Lanius schach". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22705029A93997036. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705029A93997036.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (Tenth ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 94.
Osbeck, Pehr (1757). Dagbok öfwer en Ostindisk resa åren 1750, 1751, 1752 : Med anmårkningar uti naturkunnigheten, fråmmande folkslags språk (in Swedish). Stockholm: Ludv. Grefing. p. 227.
Mayr, E.; Greenway, J.C. Jr, eds. (1960). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 349–351.
Jobling, J.A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 219, 349. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"Shrike". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (2022). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
Biswas, B. (1962). "Further notes on the shrikes Lanius tephronotus and Lanius schach". Ibis. 104 (1): 112–115. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb08635.x.
Zhang, W.; Lei, F.-M.; Liang, G.; Yin, Z.-H.; Zhao, H.-F.; Wang, H.; Krištín, A. (2007). "Taxonomic status of eight Asian shrike species (Lanius): phylogenetic analysis based on Cyt b and CoI gene sequences". Acta Ornithologica. 42 (2): 173–180. doi:10.3161/068.042.0212.
Vaurie, C. (1955). "Systematic Notes on Palearctic Birds. No. 17 Laniidae". American Museum Novitates (1752): 1–19. hdl:2246/3647.
Abdulali, H. (1975). "On the validity of Lanius schach kathiawarensis Koelz". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 72 (3): 854–855.
Biswas, B. (1950). "On the shrike Lanius tephronotus (Vigors), with remarks on the erythronotus and tricolor groups of Lanius schach Linne, and their hybrids". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 49 (3): 444–455.
Dunajewski, A. (1939). "Gliederung und Verbreitung des Formenkreises Lanius schach L". Journal für Ornithologie (in German). 83 (1): 28–53. doi:10.1007/BF01950811. S2CID 36528094.
Huang, J.; Zhao, S.; Lin, Y.; Yang, L.; Chen, Y.; Tang, S.; Hu, H. (2009). "Comparison of breeding ecology between two color morphs of Lanius schach" (PDF). Zoological Research. 30 (3): 288–294. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1141.2009.03288.
Ali, S. & Ripley, S.D. (1986). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 7 (Second ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–98.
Rasmussen, P.C. & Anderton, J.C . (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. pp. 350–351.
Guruswami, V. (1997). "South Indian Grey-backed Shrike Lanius schach caniceps". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 37 (5): 91.
Law, S.C. (1932). "The status of the Indian Blackheaded Shrike Lanius nigriceps (Frank) in lower Bengal". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 36 (1): 259–262.
Pande, S.; Pawashe, A.; Sant, N.; Mahabal, A. (2004). "Status, habitat preferences and population estimates of non-breeding shrikes Lanius spp. in Maharashtra and Karnataka states, India". Biological Letters. 41 (2): 65–69.
Stevenson, A. (2000). "The Long-tailed Shrike on the Outer Hebrides – a new British bird". Birding World. 13 (11): 454–457.
Anderson, C.; Baldock, M. (2001). "New records of birds from the Maldives, with notes on other species" (PDF). Forktail. 17: 67–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-26.
Dufourny, H. (2006). "First Record of Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach for Jordan". Sandgrouse. 28 (1): 73–75.
Shirihai, H.; Golan, Y. (1994). "First records of Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach in Israel and Turkey". Sandgrouse. 16 (1): 36–40.
Serrao, J.S. (1969). "A curious play of Rufousbacked Shrikes". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 9 (11): 9.
Sodhi, N.S.; Sekercioğlu, C.H.; Barlow, J. & Robinson, S. (2011). Conservation of Tropical Birds. John Wiley & Sons. p. 163. ISBN 9781444334821.
Shepherd, C.R. (2006). "The bird trade in Medan, north Sumatra: an overview" (PDF). BirdingASIA. 5: 16–24.
Magrath, H.A.F. (1910). "The food of the Rufous-backed Shrike (Lanius erythronotus)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 20 (1): 218.
Mohan, D. (1994). "Rufousbacked Shrike (Lanius schach Linne) feeding a Striped Keelback (Amphiesma stolata) to Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus Linne) fledgeling". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 91 (1): 143.
Neelakantan, K.K. (1952). "More stray bird notes from Malabar". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 50 (3): 664–667.
Law, S.C. (1933). "Further notes on the nesting of Lanius nigriceps Frank. with observations on juvenile plumage". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 36: 499–501.
Yoong, KS (2011). "Observations on the hunting and feeding behaviour of breeding Long-tailed Shrikes Lanius schach". BirdingASIA. 16: 71–74.
Begum, S; Moksnes, A; Røskaft, E & Stokke, BG (2011). "Factors influencing host nest use by the brood parasitic Asian Koel (Eudynamys scolopacea)". Journal of Ornithology. 152 (3): 793–800. doi:10.1007/s10336-011-0652-y. S2CID 39665560.