Hieraaetus pennatus
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Euornithes
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Ornithurae
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Ordo: Accipitriformes
Familia: Accipitridae
Subfamilia: Aquilinae
Genus: Hieraaetus
Species: Hieraaetus pennatus
Name
Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788)
Synonyms
Falco pennatus (protonym)
Aquila pennata
References
Gmelin, J.F. 1788. Caroli a Linné systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. - pp. i-xii, 1-500. Lipsiae. (Beer). DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.545 BHL Reference page. : 272.
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Dwergarend
العربية: السّبَر
asturianu: Aigla de les Biesques
azərbaycanca: Cırtdan qartal
беларуская: Арол-карлік
български: Малък орел
brezhoneg: Erer korr
català: Àguila calçada
čeština: Orel nejmenší
dansk: Dværgørn
Deutsch: Zwergadler
Ελληνικά: Σταυραετός
English: Booted Eagle
Esperanto: Botaglo
español: Águila calzada
eesti: Kääbuskotkas
euskara: Àguila calçada
suomi: Pikkukotka
føroyskt: Velbrún ørn
français: Aigle botté
galego: Aguia calzada
עברית: עיט גמד
hrvatski: Patuljasti orao
magyar: Törpesas
հայերեն: Արծիվ գաճաճ
Bahasa Indonesia: Elang Setiwel
íslenska: Skálmörn
italiano: Aquila minore eurasiatica
日本語: ヒメクマタカ
ქართული: ჩია არწივი
қазақша: Бақалтақ бүркіт
한국어: 흰점어깨수리
lietuvių: Nykštukinis erelis
македонски: Џуџест (Мал) орел
монгол: Бахим бүргэд
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Lang Junam
Malti: Ajkla tal-Kalzetti
Nederlands: Dwergarend
norsk: Dvergørn
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ଗୁଣ୍ଡୁଚିଖିଆ ଚିଲ
polski: Orzełek włochaty
português: Águia-pequena
rumantsch: Evla pitschna
русский: Орёл-карлик
slovenčina: Orol myšiakovitý
slovenščina: Mali orel
shqip: Shqiponja e vogel
српски / srpski: Patuljasti orao - Патулјасти орао
svenska: Dvärgörn
Kiswahili: Tai Mabuti
தமிழ்: Punjai Parundhu
ไทย: นกอินทรีเล็ก
Türkçe: Küçük kartal
українська: Орел-карлик
中文: 靴雕
The booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus, also classified as Aquila pennata) is a medium-sized mostly migratory bird of prey with a wide distribution in the Palearctic and southern Asia, wintering in the tropics of Africa and Asia, with a small, disjunct breeding population in south-western Africa. Like all eagles, it belongs to the family Accipitridae.
Description
The booted is a small eagle, comparable to the common buzzard in size though more eagle-like in shape. Males grow to about 510–770 g (1.12–1.70 lb) in weight, with females about 840–1,025 g (1.852–2.260 lb) with a length of 40 cm and a wingspan of 11–132 cm. There are two relatively distinct plumage forms. Pale birds are mainly light grey with a darker head and flight feathers. The other form has mid-brown plumage with dark grey flight feathers.[2]
Booted eagle nest
The call is a shrill kli-kli-kli.[2]
Light morph from below
Hieraaetus pennatus
Hieraaetus pennatus
Distribution and habitat
It breeds in southern Europe, North Africa and across Asia, and also in western South Africa and Namibia.[3] The northern populations are migratory spending November to February[3] in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, while the small southern African populations is sedentary. This is a species of wooded, often hilly countryside with some open areas, it breeds in rocky, broken terrain but migrants will use almost any type of habitat other than dense forest.[3]
Habits
Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
This eagle lays 1–2 eggs in a nest built from sticks and lined with green leaves in a tree or on a crag, or it takes over the disused nest of another large bird such as a black kite or grey heron. The female incubates the egg for around 45 days and is fed by the male, after hatching she guards the nest and the young while the male provides all the food. The chick fledges after 70–75 days.[3]
Showing the white marking on the wings termed as "landing lights"
It hunts small mammals, reptiles and birds.[3]
Taxonomy
Based on recent genetic research some authors reclassified this species to the genus Aquila, along with some[4] or all[5] other Hieraaetus species. As it is the type species of Hieraaetus, should any of the hawk-eagles have been retained in a distinct genus then a new name for that group would have been necessary. However, DNA research has shown it forms a monophyletic clade with Ayres's hawk eagle, Wahlberg's eagle, little eagle and the pygmy eagle and this clade is often treated as forming the genus Hieraeetus[6] and most reference lists currently use H. pennata.[7][8][9]
Along with the little eagle, this bird is one of the closest living relatives of the extinct Haast's eagle of New Zealand.[10]
Although some authors name a number of subspecies most now treat it as a monotypic species.[11]
Aquila minut described by Brehm (1831) is this bird. The fossil bird described under the same name by Milne-Edwards (1871) is preliminarily known as Hieraaetus edwardsi but might belong in Aquila.
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Hieraaetus pennatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22696092A93543946. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
Kemp, Alan; Kemp, Meg (1998). SASOL Birds of Prey of Africa and its Islands. New Holland. pp. 104–105. ISBN 1-85974-100-2.
"Aquila pennatus (Booted eagle)". Biodiversity Explorer. Iziko Museums of Southern Africa. Archived from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
Collinson, Martin (June 2006). "Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists". British Birds. 99: 306–323.
According to Avibase, The Clements Checklist first reassigned the Hieraaetus spp. to Aquila in the 2001 revisions to the 5th edition. However, in the 2009 revisions to the 6th edition, four species (including booted eagle) were moved back to Hieraaetus.
Clements, James F. (June 2007). The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 47–48.
The Clements Checklist team (23 December 2009). "Updates & Corrections – December 2009". The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. "Pages 47-48, Wahlberg’s Eagle Aquila wahlbergi, Booted Eagle Aquila pennata, Little Eagle Aquila morphnoides, Ayres’s Hawk-Eagle Aquila ayresii. All of these eagles belong in the genus Hieraaetus"
"Booted Eagle - Aquila pennata". The Eagle Directory. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2014). "New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles". IOC World Bird List, version 4.2. International Ornithologists' Union. doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.4.2.
"Hieraaetus Kaup, 1844". Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) [online database]. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
Lerner, Heather; Christidis, LES; Gamauf, Anita; Griffiths, Carole; Haring, Elisabeth; Huddleston, Christopher J.; Kabra, Sonia; Kocum, Annett; Krosby, Meade; Kvaløy, Kirsti; Mindell, David; Rasmussen, Pamela; Røv, Nils; Wadleigh, Rachel; Wink, Michael; Gjershaug, JAN OVE (2017). "Phylogeny and new taxonomy of the Booted Eagles (Accipitriformes: Aquilinae)". Zootaxa. 4216 (4): 301. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4216.4.1. PMID 28183111.
Bunce, M.; Szulkin, M.; Lerner, H.R.L.; Barnes, I.; Shapiro, B.; Cooper, A.; Holdaway, R.N. (2005). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the evolutionary history of New Zealand's extinct giant eagle". PLOS Biol. 3 (1): e9. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030009. PMC 539324. PMID 15660162.
"Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, JF, 1788)". Avibase. Denis Lepage. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
Lerner, H.R.L.; Mindell, D.P. (2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 327–346. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. PMID 15925523.
Further reading
Clark, William S. (1–8 November 1986). The rufous morph of the Booted Eagle. International Bird Identification: Proceedings of the 4th International Identification Meeting. Eilat: International Birdwatching Centre Eilat. pp. 21–24.
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