Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Tyranni
Infraordo: Tyrannides
Parvordo: Thamnophilida
Familia: Thamnophilidae
Genus: Herpsilochmus
Species: Herpsilochmus dugandi
Name
Herpsilochmus dugandi Meyer de Schauensee, 1945
Holotype: ANSP 152152, adult ♀, 22 Dec 1941
Type locality: Belén, 600 ft. [c. 180m], Caquetá, Colombia.
References
Meyer de Schauensee, R. 1945. Notes on Colombian antbirds, ovenbirds and woodhewers, with the description of a new form from Peru. Notulae Naturae of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 153: 1–15 Full article (PDF) Reference page. Original description p. 4
Vernacular names
English: Dugand's Antwren
español: Tiluchí de Dugand
Dugand's antwren (Herpsilochmus dugandi) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds".[2] It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.[3]
Taxonomy and systematics
Dugand's antwren and the spot-tailed antwren (H.sticturus) were previously considered conspecific and now are treated as a superspecies.[4] The English name and specific epithet of Dugand's antwren commemorate Colombian naturalist Armando Dugand.[5]
Dugand's antwren is monotypic.[2]
Description
Dugand's antwren is 10 to 11.5 cm (3.9 to 4.5 in) long and weighs 9.3 to 11.3 g (0.33 to 0.40 oz). Adult males have a black crown and nape, a long pale gray to white supercilium, a black streak through the eye, and pale grayish ear coverts. Their back and rump are dark gray with black patches, white-edged black scapulars, and a large white patch between the scapulars. Their wings are black with white tips on the coverts and white edges towards the end of the flight feathers. Their tail is black with white tips and a long white streak on the central feathers. Their throat and underparts are pale gray with a white center to the belly. Adult females have a rufous crown and nape and buffy underparts (darker on the breast); they are otherwise like males.[6][7][8][9]
Distribution and habitat
Dugand's antwren is a bird of far western Amazonia. It is found from extreme southern and southeastern Colombia south through eastern Ecuador and into northeastern Peru north of the rios Marañón and Amazon. It inhabits the sub-canopy to canopy of humid evergreen forest, primarily terra firme and also floodplain forest. It is partial to vine tangles. In elevation it mostly occurs between 100 m (330 ft) and 450 m (1,500 ft) but reaches 500 m (1,600 ft) in Colombia and locally elsewhere 600 m (2,000 ft).[6][7][8][9]
Behavior
Movement
Dugand's antwren is thought to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[6]
Feeding
The diet of Dugand's antwren has not been detailed but includes insects and probably spiders. It forages singly, in pairs, and in family groups, and often as a member of a mixed-species feeding flock. It typically feeds between 20 and 40 m (65 and 130 ft) above the ground at the ends of leafy branches and in the crown of trees. It forages actively and usually captures prey by gleaning leaves, stems, and vines by reaching from a perch. It sometimes also captures prey with short sallies from a perch and by hover-gleaning. It is not known to follow army ants.[6][7][8][9]
Breeding
One nest of Dugand's antwren is known. It was a cup of green moss with some lichens in a branch fork 35 m (115 ft) above the ground and well hidden in leaves. It was seen in Peru in June; a male carried food into the nest and brooded the young. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.[6]
Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.
Songs and calls
Listen to Dugand's antwren on xeno-canto
Vocalization
The song of Dugand's antwren is "a fairly rapid, accelerating series of rich notes...tchew-chew-tew-tew 'tu 'tu 'tu 'tututututu" and its call "a quiet tchew".[9]
Status
The IUCN has assessed Dugand's antwren as being of Least Concern. It has a large range and an unknown population size that is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered uncommon to fairly common in much of its range, though "local and uncommon" in Colombia and "[r]are to uncommon, and local" in Peru.[6][7][9] It occurs in several areas protected by governmental agencies and ecotourist lodges, and also in "extensive areas of intact habitat which, although not formally protected, seem to be at little immediate risk of development". However, it is believed to be "highly sensitive to human disturbance".[6]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Dugand's Antwren Herpsilochmus dugandi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22729224A95010133. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22729224A95010133.en. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael (2003). Whose Birds? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds. London: Christopher Helm. p. 112.
Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Dugand's Antwren (Herpsilochmus dugandi), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.dugant1.01 retrieved March 1, 2024
McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
Schulenberg, T.S., D.F. Stotz, D.F. Lane, J.P. O’Neill, and T.A. Parker III. 2010. Birds of Peru. Revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey Plate 167
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