Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Tyranni
Infraordo: Tyrannides
Parvordo: Thamnophilida
Familia: Thamnophilidae
Genus: Herpsilochmus
Species: Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus
Name
Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus Pelzeln, 1868
Type locality: Marabitanas, Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil.
References
Pelzeln, A. von 1868 (7) – 1870. Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens: Resultate von Johann Natterer Reisen in den Jahren 1817 bis 1835. 462 pp. + 59 tt. + 18 index + map. A. Pichler's Witwe & Sohn,1871. Wien. Abth.I, II: 1868; Abth. III, IV: 1870 Abth. 2 p. 151 BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Spot-backed antwren
español: Tiluchí dorsimanchado
português: Chorozinho-de-costas-manchadas
The spot-backed antwren (Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus) is a species of bird in subfamily Thamnophilinae of family Thamnophilidae, the "typical antbirds".[2] It is found in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela.[3]
Taxonomy and systematics
The spot-backed antwren was described by the Austrian ornithologist August von Pelzeln in 1868 and given its current binomial name Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus.[4] The spot-backed antwren is monotypic.[2]
Description
The spot-backed antwren is 11 to 12 cm (4.3 to 4.7 in) long and weighs 9.5 to 10.5 g (0.34 to 0.37 oz). Adult males have a black crown and nape, a long white supercilium, a black streak through the eye, and grayish ear coverts. Their back and rump are dark gray with white edges on most back feathers and blackish patches. They have white-edged black scapulars and a hidden white patch between them. Their flight feathers are gray and black with white edges towards the end; their wing coverts are black with white tips. Their tail is black with white feather tips and white outermost feathers. Their throat and underparts are mostly white with a pale gray tinge on the sides and rear. Adult females have a buff forehead, some buff on their face, white spots on their crown, and a buff breast; they are otherwise like males.[5][6][7]
Distribution and habitat
The spot-backed antwren is found in eastern Colombia and east across southern Venezuela and northwestern Brazil to the Rio Trombetas. It inhabits the subcanopy and canopy of humid evergreen forest. In Venezuela it favors igapó, in Colombia and much of Brazil terra firme forest, and some parts of Brazil campina woodlands on white-sand soils. In elevation it reaches 600 m (2,000 ft) in much of its range but only 500 m (1,600 ft) in Colombia.[5][6][7]
Behavior
Movement
The spot-backed antwren is thought to be a year-round resident throughout its range.[5]
Feeding
The spot-backed antwren's diet has not been detailed but includes insects and probably spiders. It forages singly, in pairs, and in family groups, and often as a member of a mixed-species feeding flock. It typically feeds between 15 and 30 m (50 and 100 ft) above the ground though sometimes as low as 5 m (15 ft). It forages mostly at the ends of leafy branches and in the crown of trees, often concentrating on vine tangles. It forages actively and usually captures prey by gleaning leaves, stems, and vines by reaching or lunging from a perch. It sometimes makes short salllies to hover-glean. It is not known to follow army ants.[5][7]
Breeding
Nothing is known about the spot-backed antwren's breeding biology.[5]
Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.
Songs and calls
Listen to spot-backed antwren on xeno-canto
Vocalization
The spot-backed antwren's song is a "very high, fast, slightly rising, then descending and fading, trilling 'wiwiwurrrrrrr' series" that lasts about two seconds.[6] Its call is "a short...downslurred plaintive note, repeated often but irregularly".[5]
Status
The IUCN has assessed the spot-backed antwren as being of Least Concern. It has a large range and an unknown population size that is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered fairly common across its range, which includes some large protected areas. In addition there are areas of "extensive intact habitat which, although not formally protected, appears to be at little risk of development in near future". However, it is believed to be "highly sensitive to human disturbance".[5]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Spot-backed Antwren Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22701571A93837014. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22701571A93837014.en. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2024). "Antbirds". IOC World Bird List. v 14.1. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 26 November 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved November 27, 2023
von Pelzeln, August (1868). Zur Ornithologie Brasiliens : Resultate von Johann Natterers Reisen in den Jahren 1817 bis 1835 (in German and Latin). Vol. 2. Wien: A. Pichler's Witwe & Sohn. p. 151.
Zimmer, K. and M.L. Isler (2020). Spot-backed Antwren (Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.spbant4.01 retrieved March 2, 2024
van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 246–247. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.
McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
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