Hapalopsittaca fuertesi

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Psittaciformes

Familia: Psittacidae
Subfamilia: Arinae
Tribus: Arini
Genus: Hapalopsittaca
Species: Hapalopsittaca fuertesi
Name

Hapalopsittaca fuertesi (Chapman, 1912)
Synonyms

Pionopsitta fuertesi (protonym)

References

Chapman, F.M. 1912. Diagnoses of apparently new Colombian Birds. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 31(16): 139–166. hdl: 2246/1749 Open access PDF Reference page. p. 143 BHL

Links

IUCN: Hapalopsittaca fuertesi (Critically Endangered).

Vernacular names
català: Lloro de Fuertes
Deutsch: Chapmans Zwergamazone
English: Indigo-winged parrot, Fuertes's parrot
español: Lorito de Fuertes
suomi: Misteliaratti

français: Caïque de Fuertes
кырык мары: Симсӹ шылдыран изи амазон
Nederlands: Fuertes andespapegaai
norsk nynorsk: Olivenmaskepapegøye
پنجابی: فیورٹس طوطا
svenska: indigovingad papegoja

Fuertes's parrot (Hapalopsittaca fuertesi), also known as the indigo-winged parrot, is an Endangered species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots. It is endemic to Colombia.[3][1]
Taxomomy and systematics
Plate from the American Museum Journal article on the discovery of the species by Chapman in Cauca, Colombia

What is now Fuerte's parrot was at one time considered a subspecies of the rusty-faced parrot (H. amazonina). The two of them and the red-faced parrot (H. pyrrhops) form a superspecies.[4] Fuerte's parrot is monotypic.[3]

The species' English name and specific epithet honor Louis Agassiz Fuertes, "one of the 'greats' of American bird art".[5]
Description

Fuertes's parrot is about 23 to 24 cm (9.1 to 9.4 in) long and weighs about 124 g (4.4 oz). Adults have a thin red band just above the bill, an olive-yellow forecrown and face, a blue crown, and a green hindneck. Their upperparts are green with pale fringes on the mantle feathers. Their throat and breast are green with a golden-olive tinge and their belly, thighs, and undertail coverts are yellowish green; their belly has variable amounts of dull red. The bend of their wing and its leading edge are red, the median and greater coverts dark violet-blue, their primaries black with purplish blue edges, and their secondaries are mostly blue with some green edges. Their underwing coverts are crimson and the rest of their wing's underside is greenish blue. Their tail is blue with red on the inner webs of the central feathers; the tail is duller below than above. Their bill is horn-colored with a darker base to the mandible, their eyes yellowish, and their legs and feet dark gray.[5]
Distribution and habitat

Fuertes's parrot is found only on the west slope of Colombia's Central Andes in the departments of Quindío and Risaralda. There were no records of the species between 1992 and 2002. Following its "rediscovery" two Natural Reserves were established, Alto Quindío Acaime and Cañón del Quindío. More recently two other reserves have been established in its core habitat, Loro Coroniazul and Giles-Fuertesi Bird Reserves. Fuertes's parrot inhabits wet temperate cloudforest characterized by many epiphytes and oaks (Quercus). Most of the records are between elevations of 2,900 and 3,150 m (9,500 and 10,300 ft) though some have been as low as 2,160 m (7,100 ft) and as high as 3,500 m (11,500 ft).[5][6][7]
Behavior
Movement

The movements, if any, of Fuertes's parrot are not known, but elevational movements are probable.[5]
Feeding

Fuertes's parrot typically feeds in flocks of up to about 15 individuals. Its diet is fruit and that of Antidaphne viscoidea is especially favored.[5]
Breeding

Extensive studies of the breeding biology of Fuertes's parrot have been conducted in concert with efforts to increase the species' population. Most of the preserves provide nest boxes that are closely monitored. The species nests between January and May, using both the nest boxes and natural cavities in trees. The clutch size is three or four eggs. The female alone incubates them, for about 24 to 27 days. Both parents care for the young after hatching; fledging occurs 55 to 65 days after hatch.[5]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to Fuertes's parrot on xeno-canto
Vocalization

The flight call of Fuertes's parrot is "a rather nasal, grating “krraa” "; it makes a similar call when perched.[5]
Status

The IUCN assessed Fuertes's parrot as Critically Endangered until 2021, when it was reclassified as Endangered. The species' population had been in decline until the nest box program reversed that trend. Though its estimated population is only 230 to 300 mature individuals, it is increasing. About 50% of its original habitat has been cleared and deforestation continues outside the refuges, though at a slower pace than in the past. The pet trade has apparently not had a major impact on the species.[1]
References

BirdLife International (2021). "Indigo-winged Parrot Hapalopsittaca fuertesi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22686163A195329192. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22686163A195329192.en. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
Collar, N., P. F. D. Boesman, G. M. Kirwan, and C. J. Sharpe (2020). Indigo-winged Parrot (Hapalopsittaca fuertesi), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.inwpar1.01 retrieved February 25, 2023
Ellis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 171. ISBN 0-06-055804-0.
McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.