Haliastur indus

Haliastur indus (*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Accipitriformes

Familia: Accipitridae
Subfamilia: Milvinae
Genus: Haliastur
Species: Haliastur indus
Subspecies: H. i. flavirostris - H. i. girrenera - H. i. indus - H. i. intermedius
Name

Haliastur indus (Boddaert, 1783)
References

Table des Planches Enluminéez d'Histoire Naturelle de M. D'Aubenton. p.25

Vernacular names
বাংলা: শঙ্খ চিল
čeština: Luňák brahmínský
English: Brahminy Kite
español: Milano brahmán
हिन्दी: ब्राह्मिनी चील
magyar: Brahmin kánya
मराठी: समुद्री घार
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Helang Merah
नेपाली: सेतोटाउके चील
Nederlands: Brahmaanse wouw
ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ଶଙ୍ଖଚିଲ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ: ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣੀ ਇੱਲ
தமிழ்: கிருஷ்ண பருந்து
ไทย: เหยี่ยวแดง

The brahminy kite (Haliastur indus), formerly known as the red-backed sea-eagle in Australia, is a medium-sized bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors, such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. They are found in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and Australia. They are found mainly on the coast and in inland wetlands, where they feed on dead fish and other prey. Adults have a reddish-brown body plumage contrasting with their white head and breast which make them easy to distinguish from other birds of prey.

Taxonomy

In 1760, French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson described and illustrated the Brahminy kite in the first volume of his Oiseaux based on a specimen collected in Pondicherry, India. He used the French name L'aigle de Pondichery.[2] The brahminy kite was included by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.[3] It was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.[4] Neither Brisson nor Buffon included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Falco indus in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.[5] The brahminy kite is now placed with the whistling kite in the genus Haliastur that was erected by the English naturalist Prideaux John Selby in 1840.[6][7]

Four subspecies are recognized:[7]

Haliastur indus indus (Boddaert, 1783) – South Asia
Haliastur indus intermedius Blyth, 1865 – Malay Peninsula , Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Sulawesi and the Philippines
Haliastur indus girrenera (Vieillot, 1822) – New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and north Australia
Haliastur indus flavirostris Condon & Amadon, 1954 – Solomon Islands

Description

The brahminy kite is distinctive and contrastingly coloured, with chestnut plumage except for the white head and breast and black wing tips. The juveniles are browner, but can be distinguished from both the resident and migratory races of black kites in Asia by the paler appearance, shorter wings, and rounded tail. The pale patch on the underwing carpal region is of a squarish shape and separated from Buteo buzzards. The brahminy kite is about the same size as the black kite (Milvus migrans) and has a typical kite flight, with wings angled, but its tail is rounded unlike the Milvus species, red kite, and black kite, which have forked tails.[8] The two genera are, however, very close.[9]

The call is a mewing keeyew.[8]
A subadult, Kerala, India

Distribution and status

This kite is a familiar sight in the skies of Sri Lanka, Nepal, India, Iran, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and southeast Asia and as far south as New South Wales, Australia, through which region it is widespread and resident. They perform seasonal movements associated with rainfall in some parts of their range.[10]

They are mainly seen in the plains, but can sometimes occur above 5000 feet in the Himalayas.[11]

It is evaluated as being of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, the species is on the decline in some parts such as Java.[12]
Behaviour
Brahminy kite eating, Kabini Reservoir, India

The breeding season in South Asia is from December to April.[13] In southern and eastern Australia, it is August to October, and April to June in the north and west.[14] The nests are constructed of small branches and sticks with a bowl inside and lined with leaves, and are located in various trees, often mangroves.[14] They show considerable site fidelity nesting in the same area year after year. In some rare instances, they have been seen to nest on the ground under trees.[15][16] A clutch of two dull-white or bluish-white oval eggs measuring 52 x 41 mm is laid. Both parents take part in nest building and feeding, but likely only the female incubates. The incubation period is about 26 to 27 days.[17]

It is primarily a scavenger, feeding mainly on dead fish and crabs, especially in wetlands and marshland,[13] but occasionally hunts live prey such as hares and bats.[18][19] They may also indulge in kleptoparasitism and attempt to steal prey from other birds.[20] Brahminy kites have even been recorded taking advantage of Irrawaddy dolphins herding fish to the surface, in the Mekong River.[21] A rare instance of a bird feeding on honey at the hive of Apis florea has been recorded.[22] It also eats rice or cooked food left as an offering in India. [23]

Young birds may indulge in play behaviour, dropping leaves and attempting to catch them in the air.[24] When fishing over water, they may sometimes land in the water, but manage to swim and take off without much trouble.[25]

They roost communally on large and isolated trees and as many as 600 have been seen at one location.[26]

They may mob larger raptors such as the Aquila eagles. In some incidents where brahminy kites mobbed steppe eagles (Aquila rapax), they were attacked and injured or killed.[27]

A number of ectoparasitic bird lice in the genera Kurodaia, Colpocephalum, and Degeeriella have been reported.[28]
In culture
Further information: Garuda

Known as elang bondol in Indonesia, the brahminy kite is the official mascot of Jakarta. In Hinduism, it is considered as the contemporary representation of Garuda, the sacred bird of Vishnu. In Malaysia, the island of Langkawi is named after the bird (kawi denoting an ochre-like stone used to decorate pottery, and a reference to the bird's primary plumage colour).

A fable from central Bougainville Island[29] relates how a mother left her baby under a banana tree while gardening, and the baby floated into the sky crying and transformed into Kaa'nang, the brahminy kite, its necklace becoming the bird's feathers.[30]

For the Ibans of the Upper Rajang, Sarawak, Borneo, a brahminy kite is believed to be the manifestation of Singalang Burung when he comes down to earth. Singalang Burung is the ultimate deity of incomparable qualities and superior abilities in every dimension. He is also known as the god of war.[31]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Haliastur indus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695094A93489054. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695094A93489054.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 450–452, plate 35.
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1770). "Oiseaux étrangers". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 190.
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Aigle des grandes Indes". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 5. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 416.
Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 25, Number 416.
Selby, Prideaux John (1840). A Catalogue of the Generic and Sub-Generic Types of the Class Aves, Birds, Arranged According to the Natural System. Newcastle: T. and J. Hodgson. p. 3.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2019.
Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 86.
Wink M, Sauer-Gürth H (2000). "Advances in the molecular systematics of African Raptors". In Chancellor RD, Meyburg B-U (eds.). Raptors at Risk (PDF). WWGBP/HancockHouse. pp. 135–147.
Hill, LA (1966). "Heralders of the monsoon". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 6 (8): 6–7.
Dodsworth, PTL (1912). "Extension of the habitat of the brahminy kite (Haliastur indus)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 21 (2): 665–666.
van Balen, B. S.; I. S. Suwelo; D. S. Hadi; D. Soepomo; R. Marlon & Mutiarina (1993). "Decline of the Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus on Java". Forktail. 8: 83–88.
Whistler, Hugh (1949). Popular Handbook of Indian Birds. Gurney and Jackson. pp. 370–371.
Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self. p. 200. ISBN 0-646-42798-9.
Balachandran, S; Sakthivel, R (1994). "Site-fidelity to the unusual nesting site of Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus (Boddaert)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 91 (1): 139.
Morrison, William; Rosalind, Lima; Balachandran, S (1992). "Unusual nesting site of Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (1): 117–118.
Ali, S & S D Ripley (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 230–232.
Manakadan, Ranjit; Natarajan, V (1992). "Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus (Boddaert) preying on bats". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (3): 367.
Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective". Mammal Review. doi:10.1111/mam.12060.
Kalsi, R S & Rahul Kaul (1992). "Kleptoparasitism by Brahminy Kite on Purple Herons". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 32 (12): 8.
Ryan, Gerard Edward (2012). "Brahminy Kites Haliastur indus fishing with Irrawaddy dolphins Orcaella brevirostris in the Mekong River". Forktail. 28 (1): 161.
Nayak, Geetha (1999). "Brahminy Kite feeding on honey from an active bees hive". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 39 (3): 52.
V. Sitaram (2020) url=http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=635288
Neelakantan, KK (1953). "Juvenile Brahminy Kites (Haliastus indus) learning things the modern way". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 51 (3): 739.
Prater, SH (1926). "Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus swimming". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 31 (2): 526.
Foulkes, R (1905). "A congregation of Brahminy Kites Haliastur indus". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 16 (4): 757.
Rajan, S Alagar; Balasubramanian, P; Natarajan, V (1992). "Eastern Steppe Eagle Aquila rapax nipalensis Hodgson killing mobbing Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus (Boddaert) at Pt. Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 89 (2): 247–248.
Emerson KC, Ward RA (1958). "Notes on Philippine Mallophaga. I. Species from Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Gruiformes and Charadriiformes". Fieldiana Zoology. 42 (4).
Hadden, Don (2004). Birds and Bird Lore of Bougainville and the North Solomons. Alderley, Qld: Dove Publications. ISBN 0-9590257-5-8.
Hadden, p. 244

Sutlive & Sutlive (eds.), 2001, The Encyclopaedia of Iban Studies, Tun Jugah Foundation, volume 2, p. 938