Geothlypis trichas
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Parulidae
Genus: Geothlypis
Species: Geothlypis trichas
Name
Geothlypis trichas (Linnaeus, 1766)
Vernacular names
čeština: lesňáček žlutohrdlý
Cymraeg: Gyddf-felyn
dansk: Gulstrube
Deutsch: Weidengelbkehlchen
English: Common Yellowthroat
español: Mascarita Común
eesti: põhja-masksäälik
suomi: naamiokerttuli
føroyskt: Svartgríma
français: Paruline masquée
עברית: קרקען שעיר
Kreyòl ayisyen: Ti Tchit figi nwa
magyar: északi álarcosposzáta
íslenska: Grímuskríkja
italiano: Golagialla comune, Parula golagialla, Parula golagialla comune
日本語: カオグロアメリカムシクイ, kaoguroamerikamushikui
lietuvių: Geltongurklė
Nederlands: Gewone Maskerzanger
norsk: Nordgulstrupe
polski: cytrynka czarnolica
português: Mariquita-de-mascarilha
русский: Желтогорлый масковый певун
slovenčina: horárik pastvinový
slovenščina: krinkar
svenska: Nordlig gulhake
Türkçe: sarı gerdanlı ötleğen
中文: 黄喉地莺
The common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) is a New World warbler. In the U.S. Midwest, it is also known as the yellow bandit. It is an abundant breeder in North America, ranging from southern Canada to central Mexico. The genus name Geothlypis is from Ancient Greek geo, "ground", and thlupis, an unidentified small bird; thlypis is often used in the scientific names of New World warblers. The specific trichas is also from Greek; trikhas is a kind of thrush, the word being derived from trikhos, "hair".[2]
Description
Common yellowthroats are small songbirds that have olive backs, wings and tails, yellow throats and chests, and white bellies. Adult males have black face masks which stretch from the sides of the neck across the eyes and forehead, which are bordered above with white or gray. Females are similar in appearance, but have paler underparts and lack the black mask. Immature birds are similar in appearance to the adult female. First-year males have a faint black mask which darkens completely by spring.[3]
There are 13 races of this bird. These races differ mainly in the males' facial patterns and the brightness of the yellow underparts. The southwestern forms of this bird are the brightest and the yellowest below.[4]
Measurements:[5]
Length: 4.3–5.1 in (11–13 cm)
Weight: 0.3–0.3 oz (8.5–8.5 g)
Wingspan: 5.9–7.5 in (15–19 cm)
Habits
The breeding habitats of these birds are marshes and other wet areas with dense low vegetation, and may also be found in other areas with dense shrub. However, these birds are less common in dry areas. Females appear to prefer males with larger masks. Common yellowthroats nest in low areas of the vegetation, laying 3–5 eggs in a cup-shaped nest. Both parents feed the young.[6]
Northern races are nocturnal migrants,[6] wintering in the southern parts of the breeding range, Central America and the West Indies. Southern forms are largely resident. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe.
These birds feed on insects, which are usually captured in dense vegetation, but sometimes caught in midair.[6]
The common yellowthroat's song is a loud twichety twichety twichety twich. Its call is a soft jip.
Singing male yellowthroat
Population
Despite a decline in numbers in some areas, which is due to loss of favoured habitat, this species is still very common.
Migration
Routes of migration vary based on the season and location of common yellowthroats. During fall migration, from August to October, common yellowthroats in Canada, Western, Eastern, and Central U.S., and regions outside of the United States all have unique migration routes. When migrating in the fall months, all adults and immature individuals tend to arrive at their migration destinations around the same time. Migration differences in timing and routes are also seen during the spring months from early February to late May in these same groups across the United States, Canada, and other areas. However, males generally arrive at their destination site before the females during the spring migration months. During both fall and spring migration, many birds take time to rest during a stopover period. Some individuals stay at their stopover destinations for several weeks or months while others spend only a few days resting before they continue on in their migration patterns to their final destination.[6]
One place of study on common yellowthroat migration that is unique and worth noting is Appledore Island, Maine. Common yellowthroats here typically migrate to this island during the spring months displaying distinct patterns of movement and stopover ecology. Analysis of the common yellowthroat spring migration from April to June was observed by researchers from the Department of Biology at Canisius College in Buffalo, New York, to determine patterns of migration and time spent resting on the island before continuing on their journey. Birds returning for more than the second time arrive earlier than birds migrating to the island for their first time. Every year, males tend to arrive on the island an average of five days earlier than females weighing more than the females upon arrival. One possible explanation for the early arrival of males to this island is the ability of males to set up territories before the females arrive. This could give them better access to resources and a higher likelihood of finding a female. However, both sexes spend about a week on the island before leaving.[7]
Migration of common yellowthroats in Florida has also been extensively studied. In Florida, the common yellowthroat can be found more often in the southern peninsular region rather than the northern panhandle region closer to the mainland of the United States. Peak migration times of the birds in this region are during the last week of September through the second week of October. Not as much is known about spring migration in Florida, but the patterns appear similar to that of the autumn migration.[8]
Future studies are needed to understand specific migration patterns of common yellowthroats in other parts of the United States.
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Geothlypis trichas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22721836A94733730. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22721836A94733730.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp. 172, 389. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"Common Yellowthroat". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
Curson, Jon; Quinn, David; Beadle, David (1994). New World Warblers. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6.
"Common Yellowthroat Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
Guzy, Michael J.; Ritchison, Gary (1999). "Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas)". In Poole, A. (ed.). The Birds of North America Online. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
Battagli, K.A., Morris, S.R., Pusateri, C.R. 2003. "Spring migration and stopover ecology of common yellowthroats on Appledore Island, Maine". The Wilson Bulletin. 115: 64-72.
Taylor, W.K. 1976. "Migration of the common yellowthroat with an emphasis on Florida". Bird-Banding. 47: 319-332.
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