Geospiza

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea

Familia: Thraupidae
Genus: Geospiza
Species: G. acutirostris – G. conirostris - G. difficilis - G. fortis - G. fuliginosa - G. magnirostris – G. propinqua – G. scandens – G. septentrionalis

Name

Geospiza Gould, 1837

Typus: Geospiza magnirostris Gould, 1837

References
Primary references

Gould, J. 1837. Remarks on a group of Ground Finches from Mr. Darwin's collection, with characters of New Species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Pt 5 no.49: 4–7. BHL Reference page. Original description p. 5 BHL

Additional references

Burns, K.J., Hackett, S.J. & Klein, N.K. 2002. Phylogenetic relationships and morphological diversity in Darwin's finches and their relatives. Evolution 56: 1240-1252. DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01435.xReference page.
Lamichhaney, S., Berglund, J., Sällman Almén, M., Maqbool, K., Grabherr, M., Martinez-Barrio, A., Promerová, M., Rubin, C.J., Wang, C., Zamani, N., Grant, B.R., Grant, P.R., Webster, M.T. & Andersson, L. 2015. Evolution of Darwin’s finches and their beaks revealed by genome sequencing. Nature 518: 371–375. DOI: 10.1038/nature14181 Full article (PDF) Reference page.

Vernacular names
български: Земни чинки
English: Ground Finches
español: Pinzones de Darwin
eesti: Maasirk
فارسی: سهره‌های زمینی
suomi: Maasirkut
עברית: פרוש קרקעי
日本語: ガラパゴスフィンチ属
lietuvių: Dirvinės startos
русский: Земляные вьюрки
中文: 地雀属

Geospiza is a genus of bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. All species in the genus are endemic to the Galápagos Islands. Together with related genera, they are collectively known as Darwin's finches. Although in the past, they were classified in the bunting and American sparrow family Emberizidae, more recent studies have shown they belong in the tanager family.

Taxonomy and species list

The genus Geospiza was introduced in 1837 by the English ornithologist John Gould with the large ground finch as the type species.[1][2] The genus name derives from the two Ancient Greek words γῆ (gê), meaning "earth", and σπίζα (spíza), a catch-all term for finch-like birds.[3][4] The member of the genus form part of a group collectively known as Darwin's finches.[5] Although traditionally placed with the buntings and New World sparrows in the family Emberizidae,[2] molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Darwin's finches are members of the subfamily Coerebinae within the tanager family Thraupidae.[6]

The genus contains the following nine species.[7]

Image	Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
	Geospiza fuliginosa	Small ground finch	Galápagos Islands
	Geospiza difficilis	Sharp-beaked ground finch	Galápagos Islands
	Geospiza acutirostris	Genovesa ground finch	Galápagos Islands
	Geospiza septentrionalis	Vampire ground finch	Galápagos Islands
	Geospiza conirostris	Española cactus finch	Galápagos islands
	Geospiza propinqua	Genovesa cactus finch	Galápagos Islands
	Geospiza magnirostris	Large ground finch	Galápagos Islands
	Geospiza scandens	Common cactus finch	Galápagos Islands
	Geospiza fortis	Medium ground finch	Galápagos Islands

Hybrids

A purported hybrid species (informally nicknamed "Big Bird") endemic to Daphne Major and formed almost four decades prior by hybridization between a vagrant Geospiza conirostris and a Geospiza fortis was also reported in 2017, though it has yet to be formally described.[8]
References

Gould, John (1837). "Remarks on a group of Ground Finches from Mr. Darwin's collection, with characters of new species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Part 5 (49): 4-7 [5].
Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 160.
Bailly, Anatole (1981-01-01). Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français. Paris: Hachette. ISBN 978-2010035289. OCLC 461974285.
Bailly, Anatole. "Greek-french dictionary online". www.tabularium.be. Retrieved January 8, 2019.
Sato, A.; Tichy, H.; O'hUigin, C.; Grant, P.R.; Grant, B.R.; Klein, J. (2001). "On the origin of Darwin's Finches". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (3): 299–311. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003806. PMID 11230531.
Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
Lamichhaney, Sangeet; Han, Fan; Webster, Matthew T.; Andersson, Leif; Grant, B. Rosemary; Grant, Peter R. (2017-11-23). "Rapid hybrid speciation in Darwin's finches". Science. 359 (6372): 224–228. doi:10.1126/science.aao4593. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29170277.