Falco subbuteo

Falco subbuteo (*)

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Falconiformes

Familia: Falconidae
Subfamilia: Falconinae
Genus: Falco
Species: Falco subbuteo
Subspecies: F. s. streichi – F. s. subbuteo
Name

Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758
References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 89 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Europese Boomvalk
العربية: الشويهين
asturianu: Ferlamicu
azərbaycanca: Qaragöz
беларуская: Сокал-кабец
български: Сокол орко
brezhoneg: Falc'hun-gwez
català: Falcó mostatxut
čeština: Ostříž lesní
Cymraeg: Hebog yr Ehedydd
dansk: Lærkefalk
Deutsch: Baumfalke
Ελληνικά: Δενδροφάλκονο
English: Eurasian Hobby
Esperanto: Alaŭdfalko
español: Alcotán Europeo
eesti: Loopistrik
euskara: Falcó mostatxut
فارسی: لیل
suomi: Nuolihaukka
føroyskt: Vákasmyril
Nordfriisk: Buumfalk
français: Faucon hobereau
Frysk: Blauwe Wikel
Gaeilge: Fabhcún Coille
Gàidhlig: Gormag
galego: Falcón pequeno
Gaelg: Shirragh corranagh
עברית: בז עצים
hrvatski: Soko grlaš
magyar: Kabasólyom
հայերեն: Արտույտաբազե
Bahasa Indonesia: Alapalap Walet
íslenska: Gunnfálki
italiano: Lodolaio
日本語: チゴハヤブサ
ქართული: მარჯანი
қазақша: Жағалтай
한국어: 새홀리기
lietuvių: Sketsakalis
latviešu: Bezdelīgu piekūns
македонски: Сокол ластовичар
монгол: Шууман шонхор
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Falko Hobi Utara
Malti: Seqer tal-îannieqa
Nederlands: Boomvalk
norsk nynorsk: Lerkefalk
norsk: Lerkefalk
occitan: Moisset pelegrin
polski: Kobuz
português do Brasil: Falcao-peregrino
português: Ógea
rumantsch: Falcun da feglia
русский: Чеглок
slovenčina: Sokol lastovičiar
slovenščina: Škrjančar
chiShona: Rukodzi
shqip: Skifteri i drureve
српски / srpski: Žurica / Журика
Sesotho: Phakoe
svenska: Lärkfalk
Kiswahili: Kipanga
ไทย: เหยี่ยวฮอบบี้ยุโรป
Türkmençe: Laçyn
Setswana: Phakwê
Türkçe: Delice doğan
Xitsonga: Rigamani
татарча / tatarça: Lâçin
українська: Малий підсоколик
oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча: Җағалмай
Tiếng Việt: Cắt Trung Quốc
West-Vlams: Bôomvalke
中文: 燕隼

The Eurasian hobby (Falco subbuteo) or just hobby, is a small, slim falcon. It belongs to a rather close-knit group of similar falcons often considered a subgenus Hypotriorchis.[2][3][4]
Taxonomy and systematics

The first formal description of the Eurasian hobby was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the present binomial name Falco subbuteo.[5] The genus name falco derives from Late Latin falx, falcis, a sickle, referring to the wing profile of the bird.[6] The species name subbuteo is from Latin sub, "below, less than, under" and buteo, "buzzard".[7] The species' English name comes from Old French hobé or hobet.[8] It became the trademark for the Subbuteo games company after its creator, who was an ornithologist, was refused permission to register "Hobby".[9]

Two subspecies are recognized:[10]

F. s. subbuteo: the nominate race is resident in Africa, Europe and Central and East Asia, winters in Central and South Africa and South Asia
F. s. streichi: described by Ernst Hartert and Oscar Neumann in 1907, is smaller in size and is a resident species from Myanmar to south China and north Indochina.

Description

Adults are slate-grey above with a dark crown and two short black moustachial stripes. The throat is unstreaked white, thighs and undertail coverts are unstreaked rufous and rest of the underparts are whitish with black streaks. Close views enable the red "trousers" and vent to be seen. Sexes are similar. Juveniles are generally much browner, with scaled upper parts and streaked buffy thighs and undertail coverts.[11]

The hobby has a distinct first-summer plumage.[12]

This falcon is 29–36 cm (11–14 in) in length with a wingspan of 74–84 cm (29–33 in) and a weight of 175–285 g (6.2–10.1 oz).[13]
Distribution and habitat

This species breeds across the Palearctic realm. The subspecies F. s. subbuteo is a long-distance migrant, wintering in Africa. The subspecies F. s. streichi is mainly resident and does not migrate.[14]
Behaviour and ecology

It is a bird of open country such as farmland, marshes, taiga and savannah. They are widespread in lowlands with scattered small woods. It is an elegant bird of prey, appearing sickle-like in flight with its long pointed wings and square tail, often resembling a swift when gliding with folded wings. It is fast and powerful in flight and will take large insects, such as dragonflies, which it transfers from talons to beak and eats while soaring slowly in circles.[15] It also captures small bats[16] and small birds in flight. Its speed and aerobatic skills enable it to take swallows and even swifts on the wing, and barn swallows or house martins have a characteristic "hobby" alarm call. It is known to harass swallows while they are roosting and dispersing from roosts.[11] When not breeding, it is crepuscular, hawking principally in the mornings and evenings. While on migration, they may move in small groups.

Hobbies nest in old nests of crows and other birds. The tree selected is most often one in a hedge or on the extreme edge of a spinney, from where the bird can observe intruders from a considerable distance. It lays 2–4 eggs. Incubation is said to take 28 days and both parents share in this duty, though the female does the greater part.[17]

It is a very bold and courageous bird and was used in falconry, trained to hawk birds like quails, larks, hoopoes, drongos, etc.[18]

References

BirdLife International (2021). "Falco subbuteo". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T22696460A206270514. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696460A206270514.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Helbig, A.J.; Seibold, I.; Bednarek, W.; Brüning, H.; Gaucher, P.; Ristow, D.; Scharlau, W.; Schmidl, D.; Wink, Michael (1994). Meyburg, B.-U.; Chancellor, R.D. (eds.). Phylogenetic relationships among falcon species (genus Falco) according to DNA sequence variation of the cytochrome b gene (PDF). Raptor conservation today. pp. 593–599.
Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F.; Bednarek, W. (1998). "Molecular systematics of holarctic raptors (Order Falconiformes)" (PDF). In Chancellor, R.D.; Meyburg, B.-U.; Ferrero, J.J. (eds.). Holarctic Birds of Prey. Adenex & WWGBP. pp. 29–48.
Nittinger, F.; Haring, E.; Pinsker, W.; Wink, Michael; Gamauf, A. (2005). "Out of Africa? Phylogenetic relationships between Falco biarmicus and other hierofalcons (Aves Falconidae)" (PDF). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 43 (4): 321–331. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00326.x.
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 89. "F. cera pedibusque flavis, dorso fusco, nucha alba abdomine pallido maculis oblongis fuseis."
Shorter Oxford English dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804. ISBN 978-0199206872.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 266, 369. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"Hobby". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
Hodkinson, Mark. Table-topping star of the big flick-off: Uncovering the bizarre playboy lifestyle of Subbuteo’s inventor. The Times, 16 October 2006. Retrieved on 2007-08-12.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Seriemas, falcons". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-8496553859.
small, Brian (1992). "First-summer Hobbies in the New forest" (PDF). British Birds. 85 (5): 251–255.
Jais, Markus. "Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo". europeanraptors.org. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
White, C.M.; Olsen, P.D.; Kiff, L.F. (1994). "Family Falconidae (Falcons and Caracaras)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 216-277 [268]. ISBN 978-84-87334-15-3.
Butler, E.A. (1875). "Notes on the Avifauna of Mount Aboo and northern Guzerat". Stray Feathers. 3: 443–444.
Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; Lučan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective". Mammal Review. 46 (3): 160–174. doi:10.1111/mam.12060.
Baker, E.C.S. (1928). Fauna of British India. Birds. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 41–45.
Jerdon, T.C. (1864). The birds of India. Vol. 1. George Wyman and Co, Calcutta. pp. 34–35.