Dryobates minor

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Euornithes
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Ornithurae
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Ordo: Apodiformes
Familia: Trochilidae
Subfamilia: Trochilinae
Genus: Abeillia
Species: Abeillia abeillei

Name

Abeillia Bonaparte, 1850

Primary references

Bonaparte, C.L. 1850. Conspectus generum avium. Tome I. pp. [1–5], 1–543. Lugduni Batavorum (Leida). (E.J. Brill). First availability p. 79 BHL Reference page.

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The Emerald-chinned Hummingbird (Abeillia abeillei) is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.

References

1. ^ BirdLife International (2008). Abeillia abeillei. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 18 February 2009.Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Piciformes

Familia: Picidae
Subfamilia: Picinae
Genus: Dryobates
Species: Dryobates minor
Subspecies: D. m. amurensis – D. m. buturlini – D. m. colchicus – D. m. comminutus – D. m. danfordi – D. m. hortorum – D. m. hyrcanus – D. m. immaculatus – D. m. kamtschatkensis – D. m. ledouci – D. m. minor – D. m. morgani – D. m. quadrifascitus
Name

Dryobates minor (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy

Picus minor (protonym)
Picoides minor
Dendrocopos minor

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 114 BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Fuchs, J. & Pons, J-M. 2015. A new classification of the pied woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 88: 28–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016 ResearchGate Reference page.

Vernacular names
العربية: نقار خشب مرقط صغير
asturianu: Picu menor
azərbaycanca: Kiçik ağacdələn
башҡортса: Ваҡ ала тумыртҡа
беларуская (тарашкевіца): Дзяцел малы
беларуская: Малы дзяцел
български: Малък пъстър кълвач
brezhoneg: Speg brizh bihan
català: Picot garser petit
corsu: Pichjettu
kaszëbsczi: Dzëcółk
čeština: Strakapoud malý
чӑвашла: Пĕчĕк улатакка
Cymraeg: Cnocell Fraith Leiaf
dansk: Lille flagspætte
Deutsch: Kleinspecht
English: Lesser Spotted Woodpecker
Esperanto: Malgranda buntpego
español: Pico menor
eesti: Väike-kirjurähn
euskara: Okil txiki
فارسی: دارکوب کوچک
suomi: Pikkutikka
français: Pic épeichette
Gaeilge: Mionchnagaire breac
galego: Peto pequeno
magyar: Kis fakopáncs
հայերեն: Փոքր խայտաբղետ փայտփոր
italiano: Picchio rosso minore
日本語: コアカゲラ
қазақша: Кіші тоқылдақ
한국어: 쇠오색딱따구리
lietuvių: Mažasis margasis genys
latviešu: Mazais dzenis
македонски: Мал шарен клукајдрвец
Nederlands: Kleine bonte specht
norsk nynorsk: Dvergspett
norsk: Dvergspett
polski: Dzięciołek
پنجابی: ڈینڈروکوپس مائنر
português: Pica-pau-malhado-pequeno
русский: Малый пёстрый дятел
саха тыла: Үөт тоҥсоҕойо
davvisámegiella: Uhcačáihni
slovenčina: Ďateľ malý
slovenščina: Mali detel
српски / srpski: Мали детлић
svenska: Mindre hackspett
Türkçe: Küçük ağaçkakan
удмурт: Горд йыро сизь
українська: Дятел малий
吴语: 小斑啄木鸟
中文: 小斑啄木鸟

The lesser spotted woodpecker (Dryobates minor) is a member of the woodpecker family Picidae. It was formerly assigned to the genus Dendrocopos (sometimes incorrectly spelt as Dendrocopus). Some taxonomic authorities continue to list the species there.

The range of the lesser spotted woodpecker is the Palearctic region, but several subspecies are recognised.
Taxonomy

The lesser spotted woodpecker was listed by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Picus minor.[2] The species was moved to the genus Dendrocopos by the German naturalist Carl Ludwig Koch in 1816.[3] A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2015 based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences found that the species placed in the genus Dendrocopos did not form a monophyletic group.[4] In the revised generic classification, the lesser spotted woodpecker was placed in the resurrected genus Dryobates,[5][6] that had originally been introduced by the German naturalist Friedrich Boie in 1826.[7] The genus name Dryobates is from the Ancient Greek druos meaning woodland and batēs meaning walker. The specific minor is Latin for "smaller".[8]

There are 13 recognised subspecies:[5]

D. m. comminutus (Hartert, 1907) – England and Wales
D. m. minor (Linnaeus, 1758) – Scandinavia and northeast Poland to the Ural Mountains
D. m. kamtschatkensis (Malherbe, 1860) – Ural Mountains to the Sea of Okhotsk and northern Mongolia
D. m. immaculatus (Stejneger, 1884) – Anadyr Basin and Kamchatka Peninsula (east Siberia)
D. m. amurensis (Buturlin, 1908) – northeast China, Siberia, Korea and Hokkaido (Japan)
D. m. hortorum (Brehm, CL, 1831) – central Europe
D. m. buturlini Hartert, 1912 – southern Europe
D. m. danfordi (Hargitt, 1883) – Greece and Turkey
D. m. colchicus (Buturlin, 1908) Caucasus and Transcaucasia
D. m. quadrifasciatus (Radde, 1884) – southeast Azerbaijan
D. m. hyrcanus (Zarudny & Bilkevitch, 1913) – north Iran
D. m. morgani (Zarudny & Loudon, 1904) – southwest Iran
D. m. ledouci (Malherbe, 1855) – northwest Africa

Description
Lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor) in Kõrvemaa, Estonia (July 2022)

This is the smallest European woodpecker, with adults being 14 to 16.5 cm (5.5 to 6.5 in) long with a wing span of 24 to 29 cm (9.4 to 11.4 in) and weighing 17 to 25 g (0.60 to 0.88 oz).[9][10] A sample of 50 lesser spotted woodpeckers in Great Britain averaged 19.8 g (0.70 oz) in body mass.[11] From its small size and its habit of spending most of its time in the tops of tall trees in woods and parks, this little woodpecker is often overlooked, but if sighted on a trunk it may at once be identified by the broad barring on the wings and narrower bars across the lower back.

The male has a crimson crown, a brown forehead, a black superciliary stripe, and another from the base of the bill to the neck. The nape and upper back are black, but the lower back is barred with black and white. On the wings are broader and more conspicuous bars, and the outer tail feathers are also barred. The under parts are white with streaks on the flanks. The bill and legs are slate-grey.

In the female the crown is white, but the young birds of both sexes have more or less crimson on the head. There are no marked seasonal changes.
Ecology
Frontal view
Lesser spotted woodpecker eggs

Its habits are very similar to those of the great spotted woodpecker, and it has the same stumpy appearance, almost triangular, when bounding from tree to tree. Its note is a repeated "keek", loud for so small a bird, and its vibrating rattle can with experience be distinguished from that of the larger species. This substitute for a song may be heard at all times, but most frequently when courtship begins early in the year.

Its insect food is similar to that of the great spotted woodpecker. When hunting for wood-boring larvae it chips away at the rotten wood, and the litter at the foot of a tree is often the first indication that insects are attacking upper branches. From autumn to spring it hunts mainly on wood-living insect larvae, frequently from thin dead branches in living trees. Through the breeding season, surface-living insects from the foliage and bark of trees make up an increased amount of the diet. Nestlings are mainly fed with surface-living insects, such as aphids and larval insects. At night it roosts in old holes.

A litter of chips is also a guide to a nesting hole, for the bird does not always carry these away when excavating. The hole is usually at a considerable height above the ground and may be as high as 30 or 40 feet, 10 or 20 meters. It is a smaller burrow than that of the great spotted woodpecker, measuring from 1 to 2 inches, 2.5 to 5 cm in diameter.

The shaft varies, the nesting cavity being often a foot or more below the entrance. Five to eight highly polished white eggs are laid upon wood dust and chips in the latter half of May, and a single brood is the rule. Both birds help to incubate. Occasionally an old or natural hollow is used or enlarged.

Populations of lesser spotted woodpeckers are mostly resident, but can be nomadic to some degree. Annual fluctuations in population numbers are common. The winter temperatures may have a direct effect on winter survival of lesser spotted woodpeckers by heat loss, whereas weather conditions during spring have an indirect effect on breeding performance by affecting food sources. In 2017, the UK population of lesser spotted woodpeckers was reported to have almost halved since 2009, to around 2,000. The British Ornithology Trust blamed modern habits of removing dead trees quickly from parks and woodland, depriving the birds of the decaying wood which is their favoured nesting habitat.[12]
References

BirdLife International (2018). "Dryobates minor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22681076A130037386. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22681076A130037386.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (in Latin). Vol. v.1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 114.
Koch, Carl Ludwig (1816). System der Baierischen Zoologie, Volume 1 (in German). Nürnberg: Stein. pp. xxvii, 72.
Fuchs, J.; Pons, J.M. (2015). "A new classification of the pied woodpeckers assemblage (Dendropicini, Picidae) based on a comprehensive multi-locus phylogeny". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 88: 28–37. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.03.016. PMID 25818851.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Woodpeckers". World Bird List Version 6.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Sangster, G.; et al. (2016). "Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearcticbirds: 11th report". Ibis. 158 (1): 206–212. doi:10.1111/ibi.12322.
Boie, Friedrich (1826). "Generalübersicht". Isis von Oken (in German). 18–19. Jena. Col 977.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 140, 256. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Facts | Dendrocopos Minor".
Svensson, L. (2010). Birds of Europe, Second Edition. Princeton University Press.
Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-6444-5.

Webster, Ben (19 May 2017). "Health and safety is killing woodpeckers". The Times. Retrieved 20 May 2017.