Dendronanthus indicus
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Motacillidae
Genus: Dendronanthus
Species: Dendronanthus indicus
Name
Dendronanthus indicus (Gmelin, 1789)
Synonyms
Motacilla indica Gmelin, 1789
References
Syst. Nat. 1 pt2 p. 962
Vernacular names
العربية: ذعرة الغابات
বাংলা: বন খঞ্জন
Deutsch: Baumstelze
English: Forest Wagtail
español: Lavandera forestal, Lavandera de los bosques
suomi: Metsävästäräkki
français: Bergeronnette de forêt
magyar: Erdei billegető
Bahasa Indonesia: Kicuit hutan
日本語: イワミセキレイ
മലയാളം: കാട്ടു വാലുകുലുക്കി
монгол: Модны цөгцгий
नेपाली: वन टिकटिके
Nederlands: Boomkwikstaart
polski: Pliszka leśna
русский: Древесная трясогузка
svenska: Trädärla
Tiếng Việt: Chìa vôi rừng
中文: 山鶺鴒
The forest wagtail (Dendronanthus indicus) is a medium-sized passerine bird in the wagtail family Motacillidae. It has a distinctive plumage that sets it apart from other wagtails and has the habit of wagging its tail sideways unlike the usual up and down movements of the other wagtail species. It is the only wagtail species that nests in trees. They are found mainly in forested habitats, breeding in the temperate parts of east Asia and wintering across tropical Asia from India to Indonesia.
Description
Painting from John Gould's Birds of Asia
This is a distinctive wagtail, the only one placed in the genus Dendronanthus (all other wagtails are placed in Motacilla). The forest wagtail is 18 cm in length, a slender bird with a long tail. The back and crown are olive brown, and the wings are black with two yellow wing bars and white tertial edges. There is a white supercilium, above a dark stripe through the eye. The underparts are white, apart from a black double breast band. The upper breast band is bib-like while the lower band is often broken. Sexes are similar. Young birds are more yellowish on the underside.[2]
Distribution and habitat
As its English and scientific names imply, this is a forest species, a distinction from all other wagtails. It is usually found in open areas of the woodland such as clearings. In winter it is found mainly in well-shaded forest habitats or along paths in coffee plantations and clearings in forests.[3]
The breeding areas are in eastern Asia, parts of Korea, parts of China (Kansu, Anhwei, Hunan) and parts of Siberia. Southern records of breeding from Assam have been questioned. It migrates to the warmer parts of Asia in winter and it has been suggested that they reach southern India and Sri Lanka via the Andaman Islands.[4] It has been recorded as a vagrant in the Maldives[5] and Australia.
It was formerly thought to winter only in southwestern India, passing through the rest of the peninsula on migration. But now it has been shown to winter in all of the southern part of the peninsula in addition to southwestern India.[6]
Behaviour and ecology
Egg pattern
These wagtails are found singly or in small groups. They often forage in the trees and capture insects along the branches of trees. They may also forage on the ground like a pipit and when disturbed, it flies up into the trees with a sharp pink note. They roost in the company of other wagtails among reeds.[3] The song includes disyllabic tsi-fee notes repeated several times.[7] They can climb steep branches and will run rapidly along horizontal branches.[4]
The breeding season is May in northeastern India and June in the Amur region. The forest wagtail leaves the winter quarters towards the end of March from Sri Lanka and mid March from the Malay Peninsula, the last birds leaving around May. During particularly cold springs, the arrival in the summer breeding grounds near the Kedrovaya River (Ussuri Land) can be as late as the end of May. Males sing from May to July, and when calling the bird sways at each syllable. It is the only wagtail that builds nests on trees, often favouring oaks. It builds its cup-shaped nest made up of fine grass and rootlets matted with moss and cobwebs. The nest is built by the female alone and the male stands guard nearby. The usual clutch is five eggs, incubated by the female alone for about 13 to 15 days. Incubation begins before the full clutch is laid and the eggs hatch at intervals. The young fledge and leave the nest after about 10 to 12 days. Both the males and females take part in feeding the young. Like other wagtails, this species is insectivorous.[3][4][8]
Apart from its unusual plumage pattern and habitat, the forest wagtail differs from its Motacilla relatives in its strange habit of swaying its tail from side to side, not wagging it up and down like other wagtails. The Japanese name Jokofury-sekirei (=sideways-swinging wagtail) ) is based on this habit.[4] In Sri Lanka, they often search for maggots in cattle dung and for this reason are known as gomarita (=dung-spreader).[9]
The brown shrike (Lanius cristatus confusus) sometimes imitates the calls of the forest wagtail.[4]
Voice
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Call and song in winter, Anamalai Hills
The forest wagtail has a single-note call ('pink pink') given often while on the ground or even in high flight. In addition, the birds have a soft lilting song.
References
BirdLife International (2012). "Dendronanthus indicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
Baker, E C Stuart (1926). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. Volume 3 (2nd ed.). pp. 275–277.
Ali, S. & S.D.Ripley (1998). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 9 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 277–280.
Neufeldt, Irene (1961). "The breeding biology of the Forest Wagtail, Motacilla indica Gmelin". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 58 (3): 559–588.
Anderson, RC & M Baldock (2001). "New records of birds from the Maldives, with notes on other species" (PDF). Forktail. 17: 67–73.
Kannan, R., V. Santharam, A. Kannan, V. M. Nagarajan. 2018. True winter distribution of the Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus in India. Indian BIRDS 14:33-36 http://indianbirds.in/pdfs/IB_14_2_KannanETAL_ForestWagtail.pdf
Hoffmann, A (1952). "Über den Gesang der Indischen Baumstelze Dendronanthus indicus (Gmelin)". Bonner zoologische Beiträge (in German). 1–2 (3): 11–16.
Austin, O L (1948). "The birds of Korea". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 101: 1–302.
Jerdon, TC (1863). The birds of India. Volume 2. Part 1. The Military Orphan Press, Calcutta. p. 226.
Other sources
Voelker, G. & Edwards, S.V. (1998) Can weighting improve bushy trees? Models of cytochrome b evolution and the molecular systematics of pipits and wagtails (Aves: Motacillidae) Systematic Biology, 47, 589–603.
Voelker, G. (2002) Systematics and historical biogeography of wagtails: dispersal versus vicariance revisited. The Condor, 104, 725–739.
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