Cinclus leucocephalus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Muscicapoidea

Familia: Cinclidae
Genus: Cinclus
Species: Cinclus leucocephalus
Subspecies: C. l. leucocephalus – C. l. leuconotus – C. l. rivularis
Name

Cinclus leucocephalus Tschudi, 1844

Type locality: Department of Junín, Peru.

References

Tschudi, J. J. von 1844. Avium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraeque observatae vel collectae sunt in itinere. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 10 (1): 262-317. Nicholai'schen Buchhandlung. Berlin. BHL Reference page. : 279

Vernacular names
български: Белотеменен воден кос
brezhoneg: Dourlaouig penn gwenn
català: Merla d'aigua de cap blanc
Cymraeg: Trochwr penwyn
Deutsch: Weißkopf-Wasseramsel
English: White-capped Dipper
Esperanto: Blankkapa cinklo
español: Mirlo acuático coroniblanco
فارسی: زیرآبروک سرسفید
suomi: Andienkoskikara
français: Cincle à tête blanche
magyar: Koronás vízirigó
italiano: Merlo acquaiolo testabianca
кырык мары: Ош вуян куплагы
Nederlands: Witkopwaterspreeuw
پنجابی: چٹسرا چبی مار
Runa Simi: Yuraquma mayusuksu
русский: Белоголовая оляпка
svenska: Vitkronad strömstare
Tiếng Việt: Hét nước mũ trắng

The white-capped dipper (Cinclus leucocephalus) is an aquatic passerine found in South America. It is a small black bird with white spots. It is found in the Andes from northern Bolivia, through Peru, Ecuador, Colombia to northwest Venezuela.
Taxonomy

The white-capped dipper was described by the Swiss naturalist Johann Jakob von Tschudi in 1844 and given the binomial name Cinclus leucocephalus.[2] The type locality is the Junín Province in Peru.[3] The specific epithet leucocephalus combines the Ancient Greek leukos "white" and -kephalos "-headed".[4] Of the five species now placed in the genus, a molecular genetic study has shown that the white-capped dipper is most closely related to the other South American species, the rufous-throated dipper (Cinclus schulzii).[5]

There are three subspecies:[6]

C. l. rivularis Bangs, 1899 – north Colombia
C. l. leuconotus Sclater, PL, 1858 – west Venezuela to Ecuador
C. l. leucocephalus Tschudi, 1844 – Peru and Bolivia

Description

The white-capped dipper is 15–16.5 cm (5.9–6.5 in) in length and weighs 38–59 g (1.3–2.1 oz). The sexes are similar in appearance, but the male is slightly larger than the female. The nominate subspecies has a white nape and crown with fine dark brown streaks. The remaining upperparts are dark brown. The throat is white; the remaining underparts are dark brown. The bill is black and the legs are dark grey. Subspecies rivularis is paler than the nominate and has fine grey spots on the throat. Subspecies leuconotus has a white belly and a large white patch on the upper back.[7]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Cinclus leucocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22708166A94152275. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708166A94152275.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Tschudi, Johann Jakob von. "Avium conspectus quae in Republica Peruana reperiuntur et pleraeque obser vatae vel collectae sunt in itinere". Archiv für Naturgeschichte (in Latin). 10: 262-317 [279].
Mayr, Ernst; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1960). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 9. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 379.
Jobling, J.A. (2019). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
Voelker, Gary (2002). "Molecular phylogenetics and the historical biogeography of dippers (Cinclus)". Ibis. 144 (4): 577–584. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00084.x.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 February 2019.
Ormerod, S.; Tyler, S.; Kirwan, G.M. (2019). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "White-capped Dipper (Cinclus leucocephalus)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 9 February 2019.