Cinclus cinclus

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Cladus: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Muscicapoidea

Familia: Cinclidae
Genus: Cinclus
Species: Cinclus cinclus
Subspecies: C. c. aquaticus – C. c. baicalensis – C. c. cashmeriensis – C. c. caucasicus – C. c. cinclus – C. c. gularis – C. c. hibernicus – C. c. leucogaster – C. c. minor – C. c. persicus – C. c. przewalskii – C. c. rufiventris – C. c. uralensis

Subspecies extincta: C. c. olympicus
Name

Cinclus cinclus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonymy

Sturnus cinclus (protonym)

References

Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL p. 168 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
Alemannisch: Wasseramsel
aragonés: Torda aguadera
العربية: دنكلة
asturianu: Llavaculos
azərbaycanca: Adi su sərçəsi
башҡортса: Һыу турғайы
беларуская: Аляпка
български: Воден кос
brezhoneg: Dourlaouig-spluj
català: Merla d'aigua
kaszëbsczi: Zwëczajny plëszcz
čeština: Skorec vodní
Cymraeg: Bronwen y Dŵr
dansk: Vandstær
Deutsch: Wasseramsel
Ελληνικά: Νεροκότσυφας
English: White-throated Dipper
Esperanto: Eŭropa cinklo
español: Mirlo acuático europeo
eesti: Vesipapp
euskara: Ur-zozo
فارسی: زیرآبروک گردن‌سفید
suomi: Koskikara
føroyskt: Áarkallur
français: Cincle plongeur
furlan: Corvat
Gaeilge: Gabha Dubh
Gàidhlig: Gobha-uisge
galego: Merlo acuático
Avañe'ẽ: Yryvu
ગુજરાતી: કાગડો
Gaelg: Gaaue doo
עברית: אמודאי אירופי
हिन्दी: काला कौआ
hrvatski: Vodenkos
magyar: Vízirigó
հայերեն: Օլյապկա
íslenska: Fossbúi
italiano: Merlo acquaiolo
日本語: ムナジロカワガラス
ქართული: ჩვეულებრივი წყლის შაშვი
қазақша: Кәдімгі сушылқара
коми: Васизь
lietuvių: Vandeninis strazdas
latviešu: Ūdensstrazds
македонски: Воден кос
монгол: Гялааномруут харзлай
кырык мары: Куплагы
मराठी: कावळा
Malti: Għasfur tax-Xmajjar
नेपाली: सेतोकण्ठे वञ्जुल
Nederlands: Waterspreeuw
norsk nynorsk: Fossekall
norsk: Fossekall
ирон: Дондзиу
polski: Pluszcz zwyczajny
português: Melro-d'água
Runa Simi: Misti tarajchi
rumantsch: Corv grond
română: Mierlă de apă
русский: Оляпка
संस्कृतम्: दग्धकाकः
davvisámegiella: Guoikgárit
slovenčina: Vodnár potočný
slovenščina: Povodni kos
shqip: Mëllenjë ujit
српски / srpski: Воденкос
svenska: Strömstare
Kiswahili: Kunguru
Türkmençe: Garga
Türkçe: Dere kuşu
татарча / tatarça: Quzğun
українська: Пронурок
Tiếng Việt: Chim lội suối
中文: 白喉河乌

The white-throated dipper (Cinclus cinclus), also known as the European dipper or just dipper, is an aquatic passerine bird found in Europe, Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent. The species is divided into several subspecies, based primarily on colour differences, particularly of the pectoral band.
Taxonomy and systematics

The white-throated dipper was described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Sturnus cinclus.[2] The current genus Cinclus was introduced by the German naturalist Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen in 1797.[3] The name cinclus is from the Ancient Greek word kinklos that was used to describe small tail-wagging birds that resided near water.[4] Of the five species now placed in the genus, a molecular genetic study has shown that the white-throated dipper is most closely related to the other Eurasian species, the brown dipper (Cinclus pallasii).[5]

There are 14 subspecies of which one is now extinct (with †):[6]

C. c. hibernicus Hartert, 1910 – Irish dipper[7] – Ireland and west Scotland
C. c. gularis (Latham, 1801) – British dipper[8] – Scotland (except west), north, central and west England and Wales
C. c. cinclus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Northern white-throated dipper[9] – north Europe, west and central France and north Spain and Portugal, Corsica and Sardinia
C. c. aquaticus (Bechstein, 1797) – Central European dipper[10] – central and south Europe
† C. c. olympicus Madarász, 1903 – Cyprus
C. c. minor Tristram, 1870 – northwest Africa
C. c. rufiventris Tristram, 1885 – west Syria and Lebanon
C. c. uralensis Serebrovski, 1927 – Ural Mountains
C. c. caucasicus Madarász, 1903 – Turkey to the Caucasus, north Iran and north Iraq
C. c. persicus Witherby, 1906 – southwest Iran
C. c. leucogaster Bonaparte, 1850 – south-central Russia, northwest China south to Afghanistan and north Pakistan
C. c. baicalensis Dresser, 1892 – south-central and southeast Siberia
C. c. cashmeriensis Gould, 1860 – west and central Himalayas
C. c. przewalskii Bianchi, 1905 – east Himalayas, south Tibet and west China

Description

The white-throated dipper is about 18 centimetres (7.1 in) long, rotund and short tailed.[11] The head of the adult (gularis and aquaticus) is brown, the back slate-grey mottled with black, looking black from a distance, and the wings and tail are brown. The throat and upper breast are white, followed by a band of warm chestnut which merges into black on the belly and flanks. The bill is almost black, the legs and irides brown. C. c. cinclus has a black belly band. The young are greyish brown and have no chestnut band.
Voice

The male has a sweet wren-like song. During courtship the male sings whilst he runs and postures, exhibiting his snowy breast, and when displaying he will take long and high flights, like those of the common kingfisher, accompanied by sharp metallic calls clink, clink, different from the normal zil.
Behaviour and ecology

The white-throated dipper is closely associated with swiftly running rivers and streams or the lakes into which they fall. It often perches bobbing spasmodically with its short tail uplifted on the rocks round which the water swirls and tumbles.

It acquired its name from these sudden dips, not from its diving habit, though it dives as well as walks into the water.

It flies rapidly and straight, its short wings whirring swiftly and without pauses or glides, calling a shrill zil, zil, zil. It will then either drop on the water and dive or plunge in with a small splash.

From a perch it will walk into the water and deliberately submerge, but there is no truth in the assertion that it can defy the laws of specific gravity and walk along the bottom. Undoubtedly when entering the water it grips with its strong feet, but the method of progression beneath the surface is by swimming, using the wings effectively for flying under water. It holds itself down by muscular exertion, with its head well down and its body oblique, its course beneath the surface often revealed by a line of rising bubbles.

In this way it secures its food, usually aquatic invertebrates including caddis worms and other aquatic insect larvae, beetles, Limnaea, Ancylus and other freshwater molluscs, and also fish and small amphibians. A favourite food is the small crustacean Gammarus, an amphipod shrimp. It also walks and runs on the banks and rocks seeking terrestrial invertebrates. Dippers may be preyed on by predatory fish such as brown trout although only one case has been recorded for this species unlike in American dipper.[12]

The winter habits of the dipper vary considerably and apparently individually. When the swift hill streams are frozen, it is forced to descend to the lowlands and even visit the coasts, but some will remain if there is any open water.
Breeding
Cinclus cinclus - MHNT

The white-throated dippers first breed when they are one year old. They are monogamous and defend a territory. The nest is almost invariably built either very near or above water. It is often placed on a rocky ledge or in a cavity. Human-made structures such as bridges are also used. The nest consists of a dome-shaped structure made of moss, grass stems and leaves with a side entrance within which is an inner cup made of stems, rootlets and hair. Both sexes build the main larger structure, but the female builds the inner cup. The eggs are laid daily. The clutch can contain from 1-8 eggs but usually 4–5. The eggs are smooth and glossy white and are 26 mm × 18.7 mm (1.02 in × 0.74 in) with a calculated weight of 4.6 g (0.16 oz). They are incubated by the female beginning after the last or sometimes the penultimate egg has been laid.[13] The male will bring food to the incubating female.[14] The eggs hatch after around 16 days and then both parents feed the altricial and nidicolous nestlings.[13] For the first 12–13 days they are brooded by the female. Both parents remove the faecal sacs for the first 9 days.[14] The chicks fledge at around 22 days of age, but the parents continue to feed their young for another week but feeding can continue for 18 days. If the female has started a second clutch, then only the male parent feeds the fledglings.[13] One or two broods are reared, usually in the same nest. When disturbed, the young that hardly feathered will at once drop into the water and dive.

The maximum recorded age of a white-throated dipper from ring-recovery data is 10 years and 7 months for a bird ringed in Finland.[15] Within the United Kingdom and Ireland the maximum age is 8 years and 9 months for a bird ringed and recovered in County Laois, Ireland.[16]
Dippers and humans

The first detailed description of the white-throated dipper, dating from c.1183, is that of Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis), the twelfth-century cleric, historian and traveller, in his book Topographia Hibernica, an account of his travels through Ireland in 1183–86.[17] Gerald, a keen observer of wildlife, describes the dipper accurately, but with his notorious tendency to believe anything he was told, which so often detracts from the value of his work,[18] states that it was an aberrant variety of the common kingfisher. The true kingfisher, according to Gerald, did not occur in Ireland in the 1180s, although it was widespread there by the eighteenth century.[19] The white-throated dipper is Norway's national bird.[20][21]

References

BirdLife International (2018). "Cinclus cinclus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22708156A131946814. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22708156A131946814.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Volume 1 (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 168.
Borkhausen (1797). Deutsche Fauna, oder, Kurzgefasste Naturgeschichte der Thiere Deutschlands. Erster Theil, Saugthiere und Vögel (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Varrentrapp und Wenner. p. 300.
Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Voelker, Gary (2002). "Molecular phylogenetics and the historical biogeography of dippers (Cinclus)". Ibis. 144 (4): 577–584. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00084.x.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Dippers, leafbirds, flowerpeckers, sunbirds". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
"Cinclus cinclus hibernicus (Irish dipper) - Zootierliste". zootierliste.de/en. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
"Cinclus cinclus gularis (British dipper) - Zootierliste". zootierliste.de/en. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
"Cinclus cinclus cinclus (Northern white-throated dipper) - Zootierliste". zootierliste.de/en. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
"Cinclus cinclus aquaticus (Central European dipper) - Zootierliste". zootierliste.de/en. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
Cramp 1988, p. 510.
Hegelbach, Johann (2014). "Bachforelle Salmo trutta fario erbeutet junge Wasseramsel Cinclus cinclus" (PDF). Der Ornithologische Beobachter (in German). 111 (2): 121–124.
Cramp 1988, p. 521.
Cramp 1988, p. 519.
"European Longevity Records". Euring. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
"Longevity records for Britain & Ireland in 2017". British Trust for Ornithology. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
Moriarty, Christopher Down the Dodder Wolfhound Press Dublin 1991 pp.114-5
D'Arcy, Gordon Ireland's Lost Birds Four Courts Press Dublin 1999 p.19
Moriarty p.115
"Norges nasjonalfugl fossekallen" (in Norwegian). Norsk Rikskringkasting AS. 22 April 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2011.

"Norway's National Bird: The White-throated Dipper - The Norway Guide". thenorwayguide.com. 2022-04-23. Retrieved 2022-11-10.

Sources

Cramp, Stanley; et al., eds. (1988). "Cinclus cinclus Dipper". Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. V: Tyrant Flycatchers to Thrushes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 510–524. ISBN 978-0-19-857508-5.