Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Euornithes
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Ornithurae
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Ordo: Coraciiformes
Familia: Alcedinidae
Subfamilia: Alcedininae
Genus: Ceyx
Species: Ceyx pusillus
Subspecies: C. p. aolae – C. p. bougainvillei – C. p. halli – C. p. halmaherae – C. p. laetior – C. p. masauji – C. p. pusillus – C. p. ramsayi – C. p. richardsi
Name
Ceyx pusillus Temminck, 1836
Synonyms
Alcedo pusilla
References
Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux p.[166] BHL, pl.595, fig.3. BHL
IUCN: Ceyx pusillus (Least Concern)
Vernacular names
català: Blauet nan bicolor
čeština: Ledňáček mangrovový
Cymraeg: Pysgotwr mangrof y Môr Tawel
English: Little Kingfisher
español: Martín pescador menudo
فارسی: ماهیخورک کوچک
français: Martin-pêcheur poucet
magyar: Mangrove-jégmadár
Bahasa Indonesia: Raja-udang kecil
Nederlands: Papoea-ijsvogel
polski: Zimorodek białoczelny
پنجابی: نکا مچھی مار
русский: Мангровый лесной зимородок
svenska: småkungsfiskare
Türkçe: Küçük yalıçapkını
Tiếng Việt: Bồng chanh nhỏ
The little kingfisher (Ceyx pusillus) is a species of kingfisher in the subfamily Alcedininae.
Taxonomy
The first formal description of the little kingfisher was by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1836 under the current binomial name Ceyx pusilla.[3][4] The generic name Ceyx (/ˈsiːɪks/) derives from Ancient Greek: Κήϋξ, romanized: Kēüx, a mythological seabird that was drowned at sea and then found washed ashore by his wife Alcyone, after which both were metamorphosed into kingfishers.[5] The specific epithet pusillus is the Latin for 'tiny' or 'very small'.[5]
There are nine recognised subspecies of the little kingfisher (see box at right).[6] The nominate subspecies Ceyx pusillus pusillus is found in Aru Island and Kai Island of Indonesia, southern New Guinea, the Torres Strait Islands, and possibly the tip of Cape York in Queensland.[7][2] The subspecies C. p. ramsayi is found in coastal Northern Territory and western Cape York; it is a paler blue, with blue patches extending into the sides of the breast.[7] Subspecies C. p. halli is found in coastal north-eastern Queensland from Endeavour River to Keppel Bay; it has small blue patches extending into the sides of the breast.[2][7] The subspecies C. p. laetior is found in northern New Guinea; C. p. masauji in the Bismarck Archipelago; C. p. bougainvillei is found in the Solomon Islands and Bougainville; C. p. halmaherae is found in the northern Moluccas; C. p. richardsi is found in the western and central Solomon Islands; and C. p. aolae is found in Guadalcanal.[2]
Description
The little kingfisher is 11.5 to 13 cm (4.5 to 5.1 in) long with a deep, glossy, blue back and head, and a snowy white breast.[8] It has a heavy bill and a short tail. It has dark brown feet, with one toe to the rear and only two forward toes.[7] This is one of the smallest kingfishers in the world; only the African dwarf kingfisher is smaller.[9] The male weighs 10–15 g (0.35–0.53 oz) and the female 10–14 g (0.35–0.49 oz).[2]
Distribution and habitat
The little kingfisher is found in open forest, woodland, swamps, and mangroves of Australia (northern Queensland and coastal Northern Territory), Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.[7][8][2] It is generally uncommon and sedentary.[7]
Behaviour
Breeding
The little kingfisher will make a small burrow on the bank of a river during the mating season (October to March in Queensland; February in Northern Territory; and January to April in Papua New Guinea).[2] Sometimes the nest is formed in the rotting root of a mangrove or paperbark, or in a termite mound.[2] A clutch of 4-5 glossy, rounded, white eggs, measuring 17 mm × 14 mm (0.67 in × 0.55 in), are laid in a chamber at the end of the burrow.[7] Although incubation and fledging periods are unknown, both parents feed the young and continue to do so outside the nest for 9 days or more until the young are independent.[2]
Feeding
The little kingfisher feeds on small fish, crustaceans, insect larvae and water-beetles.[2] It perches quietly on a branch close to the water until it plunges into the water for prey, then returns swiftly and directly to the perch.[8][7]
Voice
The little kingfisher makes a high-pitched, squeaky "tzeit-tzeit" in flight, which is usually not heard by observers unless very close.[7]
Conservation status
Although the population trend is decreasing, the little kingfisher is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List.[10] However, certain subspecies may be adversely affected by mangrove clearance and the Guadalcanal subspecies (Ceyx pusillus aolae) has not been recorded for several decades.[2]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Ceyx pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22683121A92976726. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683121A92976726.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
Woodall, P. F. (2020). "Little Kingfisher (Ceyx pusillus), version 1.0." In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.litkin1.01
Temminck, Coenraad Jacob (1838) [1836]. Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon (in French). Volume 4. Paris: F.G. Levrault. Plate 595, Fig. 3. The 5 volumes were originally issued in 102 parts, 1820-1839
Peters, James Lee, ed. (1945). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 183.
Jobling, James A. (2010). "Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names". Retrieved 2020-06-15.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers". World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
Morcombe, Michael (2012) Field Guide to Australian Birds. Pascal Press, Glebe, NSW. Revised edition. ISBN 978174021417-9
Pizzey, Graham; Doyle, Roy (1980). A Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Sydney: Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-7322-2436-5.
Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992). Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 216–217. ISBN 978-0-7136-8028-7.
BirdLife International (2016). "Ceyx pusillus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683121A92976726.en. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
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