Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Euornithes
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Ornithurae
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Coraciiformes
Familia: Alcedinidae
Subfamilia: Alcedininae
Genus: Ceyx
Species: Ceyx azureus
Subspecies: C. a. affinis – C. a. azureus – C. a. diemenensis – C. a. lessonii – C. a. ochrogaster – C. a. ruficollaris
Name
Ceyx azureus (Latham, 1802)
Synonyms
Alcedo azurea (protonym)
References
Supplementum indicis ornithologici: xxxii.
Vernacular names
čeština: Ledňáček azurový
Deutsch: Azurfischer
English: Azure Kingfisher
Esperanto: Lazura alciono
français: Martin-pêcheur à dos bleu
magyar: Azúr jégmadár
日本語: ルリミツユビカワセミ
Türkçe: Mavi yalıçapkını
The azure kingfisher (Ceyx azureus) is a small kingfisher in the river kingfisher subfamily, Alcedininae.[2]
Description
The azure kingfisher measures 17–19 cm (6.7–7.5 in) in length,[2] and the male weighs 29–32 g (1.0–1.1 oz) while the female is slightly heavier at 31–35 g (1.1–1.2 oz).[3] It is a very colourful bird, with deep blue to azure back, a large white to buff spot on the side of the neck and throat, rufous-buff with some blue-violet streaks on the breast and flanks.[4] The feet are red with only two forward toes.[4] The lores (the region between the eye and the bill) are white and inconspicuous except in front view, where they stand out as two large white eye-like spots which may have a role in warding off potential predators.
Azure kingfisher showing large white eye-like lores
Taxonomy
The subspecies (see box at right) differ only in minor details: compared with the nominate subspecies Ceyx azureus azureus, C. a. ruficollaris is smaller, brighter, and has more blue on the flanks; C. a. diemenensis is rather large, short-billed, and has a distinctly darker crown; C. a. lessoni is more contrasting, with little blue on the flanks; C.a. affinis has a red billtip, as has the smaller C.a. yamdenae; and C. a. ochrogaster is very pale below. Still, there is very little intergradation in the areas where subspecies meet. Comparing subspecific variation with climate data, the former's pattern does not follow and in some instances runs contrary to Bergmann's Rule and Gloger's Rule.[5][3]
The generic name Ceyx (/ˈsiːɪks/) derives from Ancient Greek: Κήϋξ, romanized: Kēüx, a mythological seabird that was drowned at sea and then found washed ashore by his wife Alcyone, after which both were metamorphosed into kingfishers.[6] The specific epithet is Mediaeval Latin azureus, 'azure'.[6]
Distribution and habitat
The azure kingfisher is found in northern and eastern Australia and Tasmania, as well as the lowlands of New Guinea and neighbouring islands, and out to North Maluku and Romang. The contact zone between the mainland Australian subspecies is along the east coast of Far North Queensland, between Cairns and Princess Charlotte Bay,[5] and that of the New Guinea ones between Simbu Province and the northern Huon Peninsula, as well as south of Cenderawasih Bay.[3]
The habitat of the azure kingfisher includes the banks of vegetated creeks, lakes, swamps, tidal estuaries, and mangroves.[2][4]
It is common in the north of its range, tending to uncommon in the south.[4] It is generally sedentary, although some seasonal migration may occur.[4]
Behaviour
Feeding
The azure kingfisher feeds on small fish, crustaceans (such as shrimps, amphipods and freshwater yabbies), water beetles, spiders, locusts, and small frogs or tadpoles.[3] It is often difficult to see until it quickly darts from a perch above water.
Breeding
The breeding season of the azure kingfisher is from September to April in northern Australia and from August to February in southern Australia, sometimes with two broods.[3] The nest is in a chamber at the end of a 1 m (3 ft 3 in) long burrow in an earthen creek bank.[2] A clutch of 4–6 white, rounded, glossy eggs, measuring 22 mm × 19 mm (0.87 in × 0.75 in), is laid.[4] Both parents incubate the eggs for 20–22 days, and then feed the hatchlings for a further 3 to 5 weeks.[4][3] The nests are occasionally destroyed by floods and their contents may be taken by the brown snake.[3]
Voice
The azure kingfisher is usually silent, but makes a sharp, squeaky call when breeding.[4] Its voice is a high-pitched, shrill "pseet-pseet", often in flight.[3][2]
Conservation status
Although the population of azure kingfishers is decreasing, their wide distribution enables classification as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List.[1]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Ceyx azureus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22683045A92975058. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683045A92975058.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
Pizzey, Graham and Doyle, Roy. (1980) A Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Collins Publishers, Sydney. ISBN 073222436-5
Woodall, P. F. (2020). "Azure Kingfisher (Ceyx azureus), version 1.0." In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. doi:10.2173/bow.azukin1.01
Morcombe, Michael (2012) Field Guide to Australian Birds. Pascal Press, Glebe, NSW. Revised edition. ISBN 978174021417-9
Schodde, R. & Mason I.J. (1976) "Infra-specific variation in Alcedo azurea Latham (Alcedinidae)." Emu 76(1): 161–166. doi:10.1071/MU9760161 (HTML abstract)
Jobling, James A. (2010). "Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names". Retrieved 15 June 2020.
Slater, Peter; Slater, Pat & Slater, Raoul (1989): The Slater Field Guide to Australian Birds (Revised Edition). Weldon, Sydney, Chicago. ISBN 0-947116-99-0
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