Centropus sinensis

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Cuculiformes

Familia: Cuculidae
Genus: Centropus
Species: Centropus sinensis Subspecies: C. s. anonymus - C. s. bubutus - C. s. intermedius - C. s. kangeanensis - C. s. parroti - C. s. sinensis
Name

Centropus sinensis (Stephens, 1815)
References

General Zoology 9 pt1 p. 51
Vernacular names
čeština: Kukačka vraní
English: Greater coucal or crow pheasant
தமிழ்: செம்பகம்/செங்காகம்
ไทย: นกกดใหญ่, นกกดเพลิง
Türkçe: İri kukal

The greater coucal or crow pheasant (Centropus sinensis), is a large non-parasitic member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes. A widespread resident in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, it is divided into several subspecies, some being treated as full species. They are large, crow-like with a long tail and coppery brown wings and found in a wide range of habitats from jungle to cultivation and urban gardens. They are weak fliers, and are often seen clambering about in vegetation or walking on the ground as they forage for insects, eggs and nestlings of other birds. They have a familiar deep resonant call which is associated with omens in many parts of its range.

Description
Sukau Rainforest Lodge, Kinabatangen River - Sabah, Borneo - Malaysia
The long and straight hind claw is characteristic of the genus
Sunning (West Bengal, India)
Immature of nominate race showing barred/speckled underside. Haryana, India
Greater Coucal, Salt Lake Canal Side, Kolkata

This is a large species of cuckoo at 48 cm. The head is black, upper mantle and underside are black glossed with purple. The back and wings are chestnut brown. There are no pale shaft streaks on the coverts. The eyes are ruby red. Juveniles are duller black with spots on the crown and there are whitish bars on the underside and tail. There are several geographic races and some of these populations are sometimes treated as full species. Earlier treatments included the brown coucal (C. (s.) andamanensis) under this name. Rasmussen & Anderton (2005) suggest that the race parroti may be a full species – the southern coucal which is found in peninsular India (northern boundary unclear). The race intermedius of the Assam and Bangladesh region is smaller than the nominate race found in the sub-Himalayan zone. Songs of the races are said to vary considerably. Race parroti of southern India has a black head and the underparts glossed blue and has the forehead, face and throat more brownish.[3] The sexes are similar in plumage but females are slightly larger.[4]

Leucicistic specimens have been observed.[5]
Subspecies and distribution

The nominate race is found from the Indus Valley through the sub-Himalayan and Gangetic plains to Nepal, Assam and the Bhutan foothills into southern China (Guangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian).[6]

Race parroti Stresemann, 1913 is found in Peninsular India (Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and southwards). The upper back is black and the juvenile has unbarred wings.[6]
Race intermedius Hume, 1873 is smaller in size and found in Bangladesh, west Cachar and into Myanmar and the Chin Hills into China (Yunnan, Hainan), Thailand, Indochina and the northern part of the Malay Peninsula.[6]
Race bubutus Horsfield, 1821 is found in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula into the islands of Sumatra, Nias, Mentawai Islands, Java, Bali, Borneo, western Philippines (Balabac, Cagayan Sulu and Palawan). The wing is paler rufous in this race.[6]
Race anonymus Stresemann, 1913 is found in the southwestern Philippines (Basilan, Sulu Islands) and is shorter and darker winged than bubutus.[6]
Race kangeangensis Vorderman, 1893 is found in the Kangean Islands. This has pale and dark plumage phases.[6]

The young when hatched have black skin and white hairy feathers (termed as trichoptiles) forming a fringe over the eye and beak.[7][8] The centre of the belly is pinkish and the upper mandible is black with a pink edge. The iris is brown, gape yellow and feet dark brown-gray.[6] The juvenile of race parroti is unmarked dull black on the underside (contra barred in the northern races) and much darker, dusky chestnut on the wings. Race bubutus found in Southeast Asia has a distinct call. Individuals from the Western Ghats are very similar in size to the lesser coucal Centropus bengalensis but the latter has a stubbier bill, shorter tail, wing tips extending beyond the tertials and a chestnut wing lining, dark eyes and a tail with green/bronze sheen.[3] Females of the race parroti develop dusky or sooty wing coverts between November and January and the northern boundary of the race is along the Punjab plains where it forms intermediates with the northern forms.[9]
Behaviour and ecology

The greater coucal is a large bird which takes a wide range of insects, caterpillars, snails and small vertebrates such as the Saw-scaled vipers.[10] They are also known to eat bird eggs, nestlings, fruits and seeds. In Tamil Nadu they were found to feed predominantly on snails Helix vittata. They are also known to feed on the toxic fruits of Cascabela thevetia (Yellow Oleander).[6][11] In oil palm cultivation, they have been noted as an avian pest due to their habit of eating the fleshy mesocarps of the ripe fruits.[12]

They sunbathe in the mornings singly or in pairs on the top of vegetation with their wings spread out. The territory of a nesting pair has been found in southern India to be 0.9 to 7.2 ha (mean 3.8 ha).[13] They are most active in the warm hours of the morning and in the late afternoon.[14]

The calls are a booming low coop-coop-coops repeated and with variations and some duets between individuals.[3] When duetting the female has a lower pitched call. Other calls include a rapid rattling "lotok, lotok ..." and a harsh scolding "skeeaaaw" and a hissing threat call.[4]
Breeding
Centropus sinensis in a clutch of Centropus toulou - MHNT

The breeding season is after the monsoon in southern India but varies in other parts of its range but chiefly June to September.[13] Greater coucals are monogamous, and the courtship display involves chases on the ground and the male brings food gifts for the female. The female lowers her tail and droops her wings to signal acceptance. The nest is built mostly by the male over about three to eight days.[13][15] The nest is a deep cup with a dome in dense vegetation inside tangles of creepers, bamboo clump or Pandanus crowns. They can be built as high as 6m above the ground and the typical clutch is 3–5 eggs. The eggs (of size 36–28 mm weighing 14.8 g ) are chalky white with a yellow glaze when laid that wears off.[16] Both the male and the female take part in nest building. They lay 2 to 4 eggs that hatch after 15–16 days of incubation. The chicks take 18–22 days to fledge. A study in southern India found that 77% of the eggs hatched and 67% fledged. Nests with eggs were sometimes abandoned or marauded by the Indian jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos culminatus.[13]

Haemosporidia closely related to those that cause malaria have been found in their red blood cells. One species, Haemoproteus centropi, is described from cuckoos such as Clamator jacobinus and Centropus sinensis and is spread by mosquitoes.[17] Immature Haemaphysalis ticks have been found feeding on greater coucals.[18]
In culture

The bird is associated with many superstitions and beliefs. The deep calls are associated with spirits and omens.[19][20]

In British India, it was noted that new-recruits to India often mistook it for a pheasant and shot it to find it "evil flavoured" giving it the nickname of "Griff's pheasant".[21]

The flesh was once eaten as a folk cure for tuberculosis and pulmonary ailments.[22]

References

BirdLife International (2016). "Centropus sinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22684229A93020052. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684229A93020052.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
In Shaw's General Zoology 9, pt. 1, p. 51. (Type locality China, Ning Po.) per Payne (2005)
Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
Ali, S; SD Ripley (1981). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 3 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 240–244.
Ghosal, DK; Ghose, RK (1990). "Partial albinism in a specimen of the Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis sinensis (Stephens)". Records Zool. Survey India. 87: 337.
Payne, RB (2005). The Cuckoos. Oxford University Press. pp. 238–242. ISBN 0-19-850213-3.
Shelford R (1900). "On the pterylosis of the embryos and nestlings of Centropus sinensis". Ibis. 42 (4): 654–667. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1900.tb00763.x.
Hindwood, KA (1942). "Nestling Coucal" (PDF). The Emu. 42 (1): 52. doi:10.1071/MU942050c.
Abdulali, Humayun (1956). "Some notes on the plumages of Centropus sinensis (Stephens)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 54 (1): 183–185.
Venugopal, B (1981) Observations on the Southern Coucal Centropus sinensis feeding on the Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 21(12):19.
Natarajan, V (1993). "Food and feeding habits of the Southern Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves : Cuculidae) at Pt. Calimere, Tamil Nadu". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 90 (1): 11–16.
Dhileepan K (1989). "Investigations on avian pests of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. in India". Tropical Pest Management. 35 (3): 273–277. doi:10.1080/09670878909371379.
Natarajan, V. (1997). "Breeding biology of the Southern Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves: Cuculidae) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 94 (1): 56–64.
Natarajan, V (1993) Time budgeting by the Southern Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves : Cuculidae) at Pt. Calimere, Tamil Nadu. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 90(1):92–95
Dhindsa, Manjit Singh; Toor, HS (1981). "Some observations on the nest of the Common Crow-Pheasant, Centropus sinensis (Stephens)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 78 (3): 600–602.
Baker, ECS (1934). The nidification of birds of the Indian Empire. Volume 3. Taylor and Francis, London.
Peirce MA (1977). "Haematozoa of East African birds: II. Redescription of Haemoproteus centropi, a parasite of the Cuculidae". African Journal of Ecology. 15 (1): 57–60. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1977.tb00378.x.
Harry Hoogstraal; Vijai Dhanda; H. R. Bhat (1972). "Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) anomala Warburton (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae) from India: Description of Immature Stages and Biological Observations". The Journal of Parasitology. The American Society of Parasitologists. 58 (3): 605–610. doi:10.2307/3278216. JSTOR 3278216. PMID 5042066.
Yule, Henry (1903). Hobson-Jobson: A glossary of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical and discursive. New. London: J. Murray. p. 277. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11.
Thurston, Edgar (1906). Ethnographic notes in Southern India. Government Press, Madras. p. 283.
Dewar, Douglas (1912). Jungle folk, Indian natural history sketches. John Lane, London.

Inglis, CM (1898). "Birds collected during five years' residence in the Hylakandy District, Cachar. Part V". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 11 (3): 474–481.

Other sources

Bhujle, BV; Nadkarni, VB (1977) Steroid synthesizing cellular sites in the testis of Crow Pheasant Centropus sinensis (Stephens). Pavo 14(1&2), 61–64.
Bhujle, BV; Nadkarni, VB (1980) Histological and histochemical observations on the adrenal gland of four species of birds, Dicrurus macrocercus (Viellot), Centropus sinensis (Stephens), Sturnus pagodarum (Gmelin) and Columba livia (Gmelin). Zool. Beitrage 26(2):287–295.
Khajuria, H (1975) The Crow-pheasant, Centropus sinensis (Stevens) (Aves: Cuculidae) of central and eastern Madhya Pradesh. All-India Congr. Zool. 3:42.
Khajuria, H (1984) The Crow-Pheasant, Centropus sinensis (Stephens) (Aves: Cuculidae) of central and eastern Madhya Pradesh. Rec. Z.S.I. 81(1–2):89–93.
Natarajan, V (1993). "Awakening, roosting and vocalisation behavioiur of the Southern Crow-Pheasant (Centropus sinensis) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu". In Verghese, A; Sridhar, S; Chakravarthy, AK (eds.). Bird Conservation: Strategies for the Nineties and Beyond. Ornithological Society of India, Bangalore. pp. 158–160.
Natarajan, V (1990) The ecology of the Southern Crow-Pheasant Centropus sinensis parroti Stresemann (Aves: Cuculidae) at Point Calimere, Tamil Nadu. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bombay, Bombay.