Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Passeroidea
Familia: Fringillidae
Subfamilia: Carduelinae
Genera: Acanthis – Agraphospiza – Bucanetes – Callacanthis – Carduelis – Carpodacus – Chloris – Chrysocorythus – Coccothraustes – Crithagra – Drepanis – Eophona – Haemorhous – Hemignathus – Hesperiphona – Himatione – Leucosticte – Linaria – Linurgus – Loxia – Loxioides – Loxops – Magumma – Melamprosops – Mycerobas – Neospiza – Oreomystis – Palmeria – Paroreomyza – Pinicola – Procarduelis – Pseudonestor – Psittirostra – Pyrrhoplectes – Pyrrhula – Rhodopechys – Rhodospiza – Rhynchostruthus – Serinus – Spinus – Telespiza
Genera extincta: †Akialoa – †Chloridops – †Chlorodrepanis – †Ciridops – †Dysmorodrepanis – †Rhodacanthis – †Viridonia
Name
Carduelinae Vigors, 1825
Synonyms
Drepanidinae
References
Primary references
Vigors, N.A. 1825. Sketches in ornithology; or, observations on the leading affinities of some of the more extensive groups of birds. On the arrangements of the genera of Birds. The Zoological Journal Vol.2: From January 1825 to April 1826: 391-405 First citation p.398: as 'Carduelina' BHLReference page.
References
Nguembock, B., Fjeldså, J., Couloux, A., & Pasquet, E. 2009. Molecular phylogeny of Carduelinae (Aves, Passeriformes, Fringillidae) proves polyphyletic origin of the genera Serinus and Carduelis and suggests redefined generic limits. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51(2): 169–181. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.10.022 Abstract & first page. Reference page.
Zuccon, D., Prŷs-Jones, R., Rasmussen, P.C., & Ericson, P.G.P. 2012. The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 62 (2): 581–596. Full text (PDF). DOI: .1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002 Reference page.
Vernacular names
العربية: جزماوات
català: Carduelí
Deutsch: Stieglitzartige
English: Cardueline finches
Esperanto: Kardelenoj
فارسی: سهرههای دانهخوار
français: Carduélinés
magyar: Kúpcsőrűek
日本語: ヒワ亜科
한국어: 방울새아과
latviešu: Dadzīšu apakšdzimta
polski: Łuskacze
The cardueline finches are a subfamily, Carduelinae, one of three subfamilies of the finch family Fringillidae, the others being the Fringillinae and the Euphoniinae. The Hawaiian honeycreepers are now included in this subfamily.[1] Except for the Hawaiian honeycreepers which underwent adaptive radiation in Hawaii and have evolved a broad range of diets, cardueline finches are specialised seed eaters, and unlike most passerine birds, they feed their young mostly on seeds, which are regurgitated.[2] Besides this, they differ from the other finches in some minor details of their skull.[2] They are adept at opening seeds and clinging to stems, unlike other granivorous birds, such as sparrows and buntings, which feed mostly on fallen seeds.[3] Some members of this subfamily are further specialised to feed on a particular type of seed, such as cones in the case of crossbills.[2] Carduelines forage in flocks throughout the year, rather than keeping territories, and males defend their females rather than a territory or nest.[4]
The name Carduelina[e] for the subfamily was introduced by the Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors in 1825.[5][6] Carduelinae is derived from the Latin name carduelis and the binomial name Carduelis carduelis for a goldfinch, one of the species in the subfamily.[7]
List of genera
The Carduelinae subfamily contains 186 species divided into 49 genera. Of the 186 species, 15 are now extinct; these are the Bonin grosbeak and 14 Hawaiian honeycreepers.[8]
Mycerobas – contains four Asian grosbeaks
Hesperiphona – contains two American grosbeaks, the evening grosbeak and the hooded grosbeak
Coccothraustes – contains a single species, the hawfinch
Eophona – contains the two oriental grosbeaks, the Chinese and the Japanese grosbeak
Pinicola – contains a single species, the pine grosbeak
Pyrrhula – contains the eight bullfinch species
Rhodopechys – contains two species, the Asian crimson-winged finch and the African crimson-winged finch
Bucanetes – contains the trumpeter and the Mongolian finch
Agraphospiza – contains a single species, Blanford's rosefinch
Callacanthis – contains a single species, the spectacled finch
Pyrrhoplectes – contains a single species, the golden-naped finch
Procarduelis – contains a single species, the dark-breasted rosefinch
Leucosticte – contains six species of mountain and rosy finches
Carpodacus – contains the 26 Palearctic rosefinch species
Hawaiian honeycreeper group (formerly a separate family, Drepanididae)
Melamprosops – contains a single extinct species, the poo-uli
Paroreomyza – contains three species, the Oahu alauahio, the Maui alauahio and the extinct kakawahie
Oreomystis – contains a single species, the akikiki
Telespiza – contains two species, the Laysan finch and the Nihoa finch
Loxioides – contains a single species, the palila
Rhodacanthis – contains two extinct species, the lesser and the greater koa finch
Chloridops – contains a single extinct species, the Kona grosbeak
Psittirostra – contains a single possibly extinct species, the ou
Dysmorodrepanis – contains a single extinct species, the Lanai hookbill
Drepanis – contains two extinct species, the Hawaii mamo and the black mamo, and the extant iiwi
Ciridops – contains a single extinct species, the Ula-ai-hawane
Palmeria – contains a single species, the akohekohe
Himatione – contains two species, the apapane and the extinct Laysan honeycreeper
Viridonia – contains a single extinct species, the greater amakihi
Akialoa – contains six extinct species
Hemignathus – contains five species, only one of which is extant, with two being possibly extinct
Pseudonestor – contains a single species, the Maui parrotbill
Magumma – contains a single species, the anianiau
Loxops – contains five species, of which one is extinct and one possibly extinct
Chlorodrepanis – contains three species, the Hawaii, Oahu and Kauai amakihi
Haemorhous – contains the three North America rosefinches
Chloris – contains the six greenfinches
Rhodospiza – contains a single species, the desert finch
Rhynchostruthus – contains the three golden-winged grosbeaks
Linurgus – contains a single species, the oriole finch
Crithagra – contains 37 species of canaries, serins and siskins from Africa and the Arabian Peninsula
Linaria – contains four species including the twite and three linnets
Acanthis – contains three redpolls
Loxia – contains six crossbills
Chrysocorythus – contains two species, the Indonesian serin and the Mindanao serin
Carduelis – contains three species including the European goldfinch
Serinus – contains eight species including the European serin
Spinus – contains 20 species including the North American goldfinches and the Eurasian siskin
References
Groth, 2001, pp. 552–553
Newton, 1973, p. 31
Groth, 2001, p. 557
Groth, 2001, p. 558
Bock, Walter J. (1994). History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History Issue 222. p. 264. hdl:2246/830.
Vigors, Nicholas Aylward (1825). "Sketches in ornithology". Zoological Journal. 2 (7): 398.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
Literature cited
Groth, Jeffrey G. (2001). "Finches and Allies". In Elphick, Chris; Dunning, John B. Jr.; Sibley, David Allen (eds.). The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 552–560. ISBN 978-1-4000-4386-6.
Newton, Ian (1973). Finches. The New Naturalist Library 55. New York: Taplinger. ISBN 0-8008-2720-1.
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