Butastur indicus (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Accipitriformes
Familia: Accipitridae
Subfamilia: Buteoninae
Genus: Butastur
Species: Butastur indicus
Name
Butastur indicus (Gmelin, 1788: 264) [org. comb. Falco indicus]
References
Primary references
Gmelin, J.F. 1788. Caroli a Linné systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. - pp. i–xii, 1–500. Lipsiae. (Beer). DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.545 BHL Reference page. [original description: p. 264]
Additional references
Brazil, M. 2009. Birds of East Asia: eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, eastern Russia. Christopher Helm, London.
DeCandido R. and Nualsri C. Timing and abundance of Grey-faced Buzzards Butastur indicus and other raptors on northbound migration in southern Thailand, spring 2007–2008, FORKTAIL 25 (2009): 90–95, PDF 1,0 MB
Deng, W-H., Wei, G. and Guang-Mei, Z. 2003. Nest and roost habitat characteristics of the Grey-faced Buzzard in northeastern China. Journal of Raptor Research 37(3): 228-235.
Orta, J., de Juana, E. and Marks, J. S. 2014. Grey-faced Buzzard (Butastur indicus). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. and de Juana, E. (eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
Shiu H-J., Tokita K., Morishita E., Hiraoka E., Wu Y., Nakamura H., Higuchi H.: Route and site fidelity of two migratory raptors: Grey-faced Buzzards Butastur indicus and Honey-buzzards Pernis apivorus, DOI: 10.2326/1347-0558(2006)5[151:RASFOT]2.0.CO;2
Kazuya Nagai, Fumitaka Iseki, Atsuki Azuma: Analysis of the Genetic Diversity and Structure of the Grey-Faced Buzzard (Butastur indicus) in Japan, Based on mtDNA, Zoological Science, 36(1):17-22 (2019). doi:10.2108/zs180077
Links
IUCN: Butastur indicus (Least Concern)
Grey-faced Buzzard. Sashiba (Jpn.). Butastur indicus, Bird Research News Vol.4 No.5 (PDF)
Vernacular names
العربية: حوام رمادي الوجه
català: Aligot caragrís
čeština: Jestřábec východní
English: Grey-faced Buzzard
español: Busardo carigrís
suomi: Harmaanaamahaukka
français: Busautour à joues grises
日本語: サシバ（差羽、鸇）, sashiba
한국어: 왕새매
монгол: Саржуу харцгай
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Lang Kepala Kelabu
Nederlands: Grijskopbuizerd
polski: Myszołap białobrewy
русский: Ястребиный канюк
svenska: Gråkindad vråk
Tiếng Việt: Diều Ấn Độ
Bân-lâm-gú: Lâm-lō͘-eng
中文: 灰面鷲
The grey-faced buzzard (Butastur indicus) is an Asian bird of prey. It is typically between 41 and 46 cm in length, making it a medium-sized raptor. It breeds in Manchuria, Korea and Japan ; it winters in South-east Asia.
It is a bird of open land. It eats lizards, small mammals and large insects.
The adult has a grey head, breast and neck, white throat, black moustaches and mesial stripes, brown back and upperwings, and brown bars on white underparts and underwings. The juvenile is brown and mottled above, pale below with brown streaks, and has a broad white supercilium and brown face.
Description
The males and females of the grey faced buzzard are the same in coloration. Adults are red & brown on the upper part of the chest while the chest is brown or dark brown. The chest contains dark down bars across the abdomen. The most infrequent color scheme is the full brown bird's also known as dark morph colored. The medium-sized raptor is typically between 41 and 46 cm long. Wings are pointed and narrow; feathers are thin and look transparent when in flight. the tail is ashy brown with horizontal bars on the tail, the iris is bright yellow. Juveniles are often less reddish, with dark brown bars on the abdomen. Also, the face and eye color is Brown with a buff color.[2]
Habitat
The majority of the species are found in Japan or more specifically, Satoyama. The area consists of many different environments; woodlands, paddy-fields, streams, and grasslands. In its breeding range, the buzzard is found in coniferous and mixed evergreen forests in mountains, at forest edges, fields, meadows, marshes, and around agricultural lands.[2]
Behavior and feeding
During the breeding season the male buzzards spend up to 90% of their day perched searching for prey. Their hunting perch us usually located around 500 meters away from the nest. They feed on frogs, crustaceans, lizards, insects, small rodents and occasionally other birds. They perch on a tree or a utility pole adjacent to an open habitat, such as rice fields, cropland, and clearings, and swoop down to capture with their feet small animals occurring in Satoyama. They have adopted a search and ambush hunting method to waste less time and energy but still receive enough to survive.[3]
The birds actively change its diets to fit the foraging site of a particular season. The main vegetation types which characterized to foraging areas of the buzzards varied over the course of the breeding season from paddy fields to levees and grass-arable fields, and eventually to wooded areas. Along with this shift, the main prey of the buzzards changed from frogs to insects.[2] In paddy fields, frogs and small mammals are frequently captured. A variety of prey including frogs, small mammals, lizards, snakes and insects were taken at levees and grass-arable fields. Insects and frogs were captured in woodland areas.[4]
Breeding
During the breeding season the grey faced buzzard builds a small stick nest placed in a tree. The tree most of the time being a Japanese tree. In China, nests were typically located in dense coniferous or broad-leafed forest patches with thick shrubs, steep slopes, and a northerly slope aspect. The nest is lined with grass and leaves. Clutch size is 3-4 white eggs with rusty or reddish-brown spots. They breed in eastern China, eastern Russia, Japan, and in winter mainly in Indochina, Malaysia and the Philippines.[5]
The same nest is sometimes used every year until the need of reconstruction arises. Females mostly incubate eggs and nestlings. Males relieve females briefly a few times a day. Eggs hatch from late May to early June about a month after they were laid. Nestlings fledge from late June to Early July about 35 days after hatching. Fledglings are fed by the parent birds around the nest for about two weeks, and then become independent, starting to move a long distance.[2]
Migration
Grey-faced buzzards utilize the world's only oceanic flyway for raptor migration. Wind support and geographic features (i.e. islands) enable the birds to migrate in an oceanic flyway.[6] Grey-faced Buzzards arrive in the breeding grounds of Japan from late March to early April. It is assumed that males arrive in the breeding grounds and wait for the female to arrive, while defending their territory. After the female arrives then, nest building and copulation begin. Grey faced buzzards set out on their autumn migration and head south in flocks from late September to mid-October. In Taiwan they are a common spring and summer migrant, and a few remain for the winter on Lanyu Island.
As with most buzzards, these birds utilize rising air currents to gain altitude and cover great distances by soaring during migration. Taiwan lies on a major migration route for the Grey faced buzzard, and large numbers may be seen moving southward in October along the Hengchun Peninsula, and northward in late March and early April along the terraced mountains of Taichung and Changhua.[7]
Human interaction
Historically, the greatest threat to the Grey-faced buzzard in Taiwan has been the uncontrolled hunting of the species in the Baguashan and Hengchun Peninsula areas. Hunting and trapping of grey-faced buzzard in the Baguashan and Hengchun Peninsula areas has gone on for Generations. The Wild Bird Society of Japan and other concerned organizations successfully brought about legislation in Japan that effectively put an end to the importation of raptor skins and the demand for Taiwan grey faced buzzard skins faded.[7]
Grey-faced buzzards were designated as a "Vulnerable" species in December 2006 in Japan. Few concrete protective measures have been taken, however, partly because about 90% of the breeding grounds are privately owned and 75% are not legally protected for wildlife. A basic plan for "Creating a wood Grey-faced buzzards can live" by Toyota City of Aichi Pref. is remarkable. In the Toyota natural Observation Woods, which contain a Satoyama Landscape with Yatsuda, Toyota City has taken the initiative in creating the habitat of frogs grey-faced buzzards prey on and maintaining their foraging grounds by weeding and water management of private fallow rice fields. The conservation of birds of prey with large home range, such as grey-faced buzzards would be promoted by the active involvement of local and regional governments in maintaining an entire local ecosystem including private land in various regions of Japan.[7]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Butastur indicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22695726A93525673. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695726A93525673.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Sashiba. "Grey-faced Buzzard" (PDF). Bird Research News.
Kadowaki, Seishi; et al. "Differences in the Utilization of Cultivated and Uncultivated Paddy Fields as Hunting Grounds by the Grey-faced Buzzard-eagle, Butastur indicus". Journal of the Yamashina Institute for Ornithology 39:19-26.
Sakai, Sumire; et al. "Seasonal shifts in foraging site and prey of Grey-faced". The Ornithological Society. Ornithol Sci 10: 51–60 (2011).
"Grey-faced Buzzard". Global Raptor Information Network. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
Nourani, Elham; Safi, Kamran; Yamaguchi, Noriyuki M; Higuchi, Hiroyoshi (2018). "Raptor migration in an oceanic flyway: wind and geography shape the migratory route of grey-faced buzzards in East Asia". Royal Society Open Science. 5 (3): 171555. doi:10.1098/rsos.171555. PMC 5882689. PMID 29657765.
Birding In Taiwan. "Gray-faced Buzzard". Birding In Taiwan. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
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