Aviceda leuphotes

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Accipitriformes

Familia: Accipitridae
Subfamilia: Perninae
Genus: Aviceda
Species: Aviceda leuphotes
Subspecies: A. l. andamanica - A. l. burmana - A. l. leuphotes - A. l. syama - A. l. wolfei
Name

Aviceda leuphotes (Dumont, 1820)
References

Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles 16 p. 217
Vernacular names
العربية: باز أسود
azərbaycanca: Qara kəkilli çalağan
brezhoneg: Baza du
català: Aviceda leuphotes
čeština: Luňákovec černý
Deutsch: Dreifarbenweih
English: Black Baza
español: Baza negra
français: Baza huppard
magyar: Háromszínű kakukkhéja
Bahasa Indonesia: Baza hitam
italiano: Baza nero
മലയാളം: പ്രാപ്പരുന്ത്
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Lang Baza Hitam
नेपाली: कालो जुरेबाज
Nederlands: Zwarte koekoekswouw
polski: Czubak czarny
پنجابی: کالا بازا
svenska: Svart baza
ไทย: เหยี่ยวกิ้งก่าสีดำ
Türkçe: Kara baza
Tiếng Việt: Diều mào
粵語: 黑冠鵑隼
中文: 黑冠鹃隼

The black baza (Aviceda leuphotes) is a small bird of prey found in the forests of Northeast India, the eastern Himalayas, China and Southeast Asia. Many populations are migratory, including those in the Indian region, which winter in the south of the Peninsula and Sri Lanka. Black bazas have short, stout legs and feet with strong talons, and a prominent crest. They are found in dense forest, often in small groups, and can often be found perched on bare branches of tall trees rising above the forest canopy.

Taxonomy and systematics
Characteristic "tooth" on the upper mandible

The bird was first described based on a specimen from Pondicherry under the name of Falco leuphotes. Several geographic races have been described including wolfei which is based on a single specimen from Sichuan[2] and may belong to the nominate subspecies. The named forms include the following, but they have been questioned[3] and further study has been called for.[4][5]

A. l. syama (Hodgson, 1837) from eastern Nepal, northeastern India to south China which winters in Indo-China and the Malaya Peninsula.
A. l. leuphotes (Dumont, 1820) was once claimed to breed in South-Western India,[5] but no evidence exists and this is doubtful.[4] It is said to breed in Burma and Thailand, in which case it would likely be the same as syama, although the population in this region has in the past been assigned the name of burmana.
A. l. andamanica (Abdulali & Grubh, 1970) is endemic to the Andaman Islands (South Andaman I) and has completely white underparts lacking any chestnut bands.[6]

Description
The crest is upright at rest

The black baza is a small and distinctively coloured raptor; it ranges from 30 to 35 cm in length, a 66 to 80 cm wingspan and a weight of 168 to 224 g.[7] When perched, the upright crest and contrasting patterns make it difficult to misidentify. The male has white scapulars, secondary coverts and on the secondaries. The female has white only on the scapulars and more chestnut bands on the underside unlike the few bands in the male.[8]

While flying, it is similar to a crow and is often seen in small groups or flocks during migration. During migration, they are gregarious at their roost.[4] They are somewhat crepuscular and more active at dusk and in overcast weather.[5]
Underwing pattern

They feed mainly on insects by making aerial sallies. They may also pick insects off a leaf, the insects always seized with their feet. They have been observed to attempt capturing small birds such as wagtails by making dashes into flocks.[5] They have been noted to join mixed-species foraging flocks.[9] It has also been known to feed on the fruits of the oil palm. They are somewhat crepuscular in habit. The call is a "chu-weep"[4] somewhat similar to the call of the large cuckoo-shrike. Other descriptions include a soft squeal or whistle and a shrill gull-like mewing.[5]

Like others in the genus Aviceda they have two tooth like indentations on the edge of the upper bill. Birds are said to have a disagreeable odour which has been said to be "bug-like".[5][10]
Distribution

This species is found in Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia. They are migratory in parts of their range. Migratory birds may be seen in large numbers at some locations such as Chumphon in Thailand where they account for nearly 40% of the raptors on passage.[11] In some parts of Hong Kong, they have established themselves in recent times changing from summer visitors to residents in small numbers.[12]

In southern India the species is regularly reported in winter[13][14] mainly from the Western Ghats (breeding records have been questioned[4]), Eastern Ghats (mainly on spring passage) and known to breed in northeastern India and Burma.[15][16] Winter records of the species include stray occurrences in or near metropolitan areas such as the Guindy National Park in Chennai,[17][18] near Trivandrum[19][20] and Bangalore.[21] More recent studies have suggested that the species may be a regular winter visitor in the eastern part of peninsular India, and not just a passage migrant.[22] Individuals have also been noted at Point Calimere.[23]

The birds in northeastern India begin to breed in April. Both sexes take part in nest building, incubation, brooding and feeding. The nest is a firm platform of thin sticks with a central depression and lined with grass, fiber and overlaid with green leaves. The eggs take about 26–27 days to hatch. Insects are the predominant food of the chicks.[24]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Aviceda leuphotes". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22694964A93481495. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694964A93481495.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Deignan, H G (1948). "The races of the Black-crested Baza" (PDF). The Auk. 65 (2): 284–285. doi:10.2307/4080303. JSTOR 4080303.
Abdulali, Humayun; Ambedkar, VC (1965). "Occurrence of the Blackcrested Baza [Aviceda leuphotes (Dumont)] in Madhya Pradesh". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 62 (3): 556.
Rasmussen, PC & Anderton, JC (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Editions. pp. 82–83.
Ali, S & Ripley, S D (1978). Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 217–221.
Abdulali, Humayun; Grubh, Robert B (1970). "A new race of the Blackcrested Baza, Aviceda leuphotes (Dumont): from the Andaman Islands". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 67 (2): 137–138.
"Black Baza".
Sivakumar, S & Prakash, Vibhu (2004). "Sexual dimorphism in Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes" (PDF). Forktail. 20: 139. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-08-28.
Sridhar, Hari (2007). "Participation by Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes in mixed-species bird flocks in rainforests of the Anamalai hills, Western Ghats, India". Indian Birds. 3 (1).
Hume, AO; Davison, W (1878). "A revised list of the birds of Tenasserim". Stray Feathers. 6: 1–526.
Decandido, Robert; Nualsri, Chukiat; Allen, Deborah & Bildstein, Keith L. (2004). "Autumn 2003 raptor migration at Chumphon, Thailand: a globally significant raptor migration watch site" (PDF). Forktail. 20: 49–54. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-23.
Leven, Michael R. & Richard T. Corlett (2004). "Invasive birds in Hong Kong, China" (PDF). Ornithological Science. 3: 43–55. doi:10.2326/osj.3.43.
Karanth, K Ullas (1985). "Indian Blackcrested Baza (Aviceda leuphotes) a sighting record from Karnataka". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82 (1): 193.
Rane, Ulhas; Borges, Renee (1987). "Sighting of the Blackcrested Baza (Aviceda leuphotes) at Bhimashankar". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 84 (3): 679.
Hanxwell, TA (1892). "Nest and eggs of the Crested Black Kite". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 7 (3): 403–404.
Primrose, AM (1906). "The nesting of the Black-crested Baza (Baza lophotes)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 17 (2): 531–532.
Kannan, R (1985). "Sight record of Blackcrested Baza (Aviceda leuphotes) in Madras". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82 (3): 654–655.
Santharam, V (1981). "Some new records from Madras city". Newsletter for Birdwatchers. 21 (3–4): 4–8.
Kumar, C Mohan (1999). "Unusual sighting of an Indian Black Crested Baza (Aviceda leuphotes)". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 96 (3): 470–471.
"157 species spotted in bird race". thehindu.com. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
"Photo record from near Bangalore". Retrieved 2009-12-22.
Santharam, V. (2009). "The Black Baza Aviceda leuphotes in Chennai: a review of sight records". Indian Birds. 5 (1): 19–20.
Sugathan, R (1982). "Some interesting aspects of the avifauna of the Point Calimere Sanctuary, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 79 (3): 567–575.

Sivakumar, S & Prakash, Vibhu (2005). "Nesting of Jerdon's Baza Aviceda jerdoni and Black Baza A. leuphotes in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India" (PDF). Forktail. 21: 169–171. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-10-11.

Other sources

Hussain, SA (1985) Comments on Mr Abdulali's note on Dr. Sugathan's paper on Avifauna of Point Calimere. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 82(1):210–212.
Inglis, CM (1948) Plumage of the young of the Indian Black-crested Baza. Jour. Bengal Nat. Hist. Soc. 23(1):73–75.