Ardea purpurea (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Aequornithes
Ordo: Pelecaniformes
Familia: Ardeidae
Subfamilia: Ardeinae
Genus: Ardea
Species: Ardea purpurea
Subspecies: A. p. bournei – A. p. madagascariensis – A. p. manilensis – A. p. purpurea
Name
Ardea purpurea Linnaeus, 1766
References
Linnaeus, C. 1766. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio duodecima, reformata. Tomus 1 (Regnum Animale), Pars 1: 1–532. Holmiæ [Stockholm]. Impensis Direct Laurentii Salvii. p. 236 BHL Reference page. .
Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Rooireier
aragonés: Garra royenca
العربية: البلشون الأرجواني
asturianu: Garcia Roxa
azərbaycanca: Kürən vağ
беларуская: Чырвоная чапля
български: Червена чапла
brezhoneg: Kerc'heiz rous
català: Agró roig
Cebuano: Dugwak
čeština: Volavka červená
Cymraeg: Crëyr porffor
dansk: Purpurhejre
Deutsch: Purpurreiher
Ελληνικά: Πορφυρός Ψαροφάς
English: Purple Heron
Esperanto: Purpura ardeo
español: Garza imperial
eesti: Purpurhaigur
euskara: Lertxun gorri
فارسی: حواصیل ارغوانی
suomi: Ruskohaikara
føroyskt: Korkahegri
français: Héron pourpré
Frysk: Reade Reager
Gaeilge: Corr Chorcra
galego: Agró roig
עברית: אנפה ארגמנית
हिन्दी: Peria vellai kokku
hrvatski: Čaplja danguba
magyar: Vörös gém
հայերեն: Տառեղ շիկակարմիր
Bahasa Indonesia: Cangak Merah
íslenska: Rauðhegri
italiano: Airone rosso
日本語: ムラサキサギ
ქართული: წითური ყანჩა
қазақша: Жирен құтан
한국어: 붉은왜가리
kurdî: Şaqaviyê gerdenmar
lietuvių: Purpurinis garnys
Malagasy: Kehambe
македонски: Црвена чапја
മലയാളം: ചായമുണ്ടി
монгол: Зээрд дэглий
Bahasa Melayu: Burung Bangau Paya
Malti: Russett Aħmar
မြန်မာဘာသာ: ငဟစ်ငှက်
Nederlands: Purperreiger
norsk nynorsk: Purpurhegre
norsk: Purpurhegre
polski: Czapla purpurowa
پنجابی: جامنی ہیرون
português: Garça-vermelha
rumantsch: Irun cotschen
русский: Рыжая цапля
davvisámegiella: Purporháigir
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Crvena čaplja - црвена чапља
slovenčina: Volavka purpurová
slovenščina: Rjava caplja
shqip: Çapka rrudhi
српски / srpski: Црвена чапља - Crvena čaplja
Sesotho: Kokolofitoe
svenska: Purpurhäger
Kiswahili: Pondagundi
ไทย: นกกระสาแดง
Setswana: Kôkôlôhutwê
Türkçe: Erguvani balıkçıl
Xitsonga: Rikolwa
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche: كۆك قۇتان
українська: Чапля руда
Tiếng Việt: Diệc lửa
isiXhosa: Ucofuza
粵語: 草鷺
中文: 草鹭
The purple heron (Ardea purpurea) is a wide-ranging species of wading bird in the heron family, Ardeidae. The scientific name comes from Latin ardea "heron", and purpureus, "coloured purple".[2] It breeds in Africa, central and southern Europe, and southern and eastern Asia. The Western Palearctic populations migrate between breeding and wintering habitats whereas the African and tropical-Asian populations are primarily sedentary, except for occasional dispersive movements.
It is similar in appearance to the more common grey heron but is slightly smaller, more slender and has darker plumage. It is also a more evasive bird, favouring densely vegetated habitats near water, particularly reed beds. It hunts for a range of prey including fish, rodents, frogs and insects, either stalking them or standing waiting in ambush.
Purple herons are colonial breeders and build a bulky nest out of dead reeds or sticks close to the water' edge among reeds or in dense vegetation. About five bluish-green eggs are laid and are incubated by both birds. The young hatch about four weeks later and fledge six weeks after that. The International Union for Conservation of Nature notes that the global population trend is downwards, largely because of the drainage of wetlands, but assesses the purple heron's conservation status as being of "least concern".
Description
The purple heron is a large bird, 78–97 cm (31–38 in) in length with a standing height from 70 to 94 cm (28 to 37 in) and a 120–152 cm (47–60 in) wingspan.[3][4] However, it is slender for its size, weighing only 0.5 to 1.35 kg (1.1 to 3.0 lb).[5] It is somewhat smaller than the grey heron, from which it can be distinguished by its darker reddish-brown plumage, and, in adults, its darker grey back. Adults have the forehead and the crown of the head black, with a dark stripe down the back of the neck that terminates in a slender, dangling crest. This is shorter than the crest of the grey heron and does not exceed 140 mm (5.5 in). The sides of the head and the neck are buffish chestnut, with dark streaks and lines down either side of the whole the neck. The mantle is oily brown and the upper scapular feathers are elongated but not the lower ones. The rest of the upper parts and the tail are brownish grey. The front of the neck is paler than the sides and there are some elongated feathers at the base of the neck which are streaked with white, chestnut and black. The breast is chestnut brown, with some blackening at the side, and the belly and under-tail coverts are black. The brownish-yellow beak is long, straight and powerful, and is brighter in colour in breeding adults. The iris is yellow and the legs are brown at the front and yellowish behind.[6]
The call is a harsh "frarnk", but is quieter and more high-pitched than that of the grey heron. It is generally a less noisy bird, though similar guttural sounds are heard emanating from the heronry. It is also less robust, and appears somewhat hollow-chested. Its head and neck are more slender and snake-like than the grey heron and its toes much longer. Unlike that bird, it often adopts a posture with its neck extending obliquely, and even nestlings tend to use this stance.[6]
Taxonomy
There are three or four subspecies:[7]
A. p. purpurea – Linnaeus, 1766: nominate, found in Africa, Europe north to the Netherlands, and southwestern Asia east to Kazakhstan.
A. p. bournei – de Naurois, 1966: Bourne's heron. Found in the Cape Verde Islands (included in purpurea by some authors, but treated as a distinct species Ardea bournei by some others).[8]
A. p. madagascariensis – van Oort, 1910: found in Madagascar.
A. p. manilensis – Meyen, 1834: found in Asia from the Indian Subcontinent east to the Philippines and Indonesia, and north to Primorsky Krai, Russia.[9]
Distribution and habitat
Purple heron in the Bundala National Park, Sri Lanka
The purple heron has a mostly palaearctic distribution and breeds in Europe, Asia and Africa. The range of the western race extends from Portugal eastwards across much of central and southern Europe and parts of North Africa as far as Lake Balkhash in Kazakhstan. In Africa, the bird breeds in Senegal, down the east coast of Africa and in Madagascar. The eastern race extends from the Indian Subcontinent, eastwards to eastern China and the Philippines, and northwards to the basins of the Amur River and the Ussuri River at about 49°N. The southern race is restricted to Madagascar,[10] and a small population of purple herons on the Cape Verde Islands is regarded as a separate race by some authorities.[8]
Between August and October, birds of the western population migrate southwards to tropical Africa, returning northwards in March. Purple herons often overshoot their normal range on their return, and are vagrants to northern Europe including Britain. The eastern population is largely resident, though some birds from the northern part of the range fly southwards to Korea, Thailand and Malaysia. The African birds are resident.[10]
The purple heron inhabits marshes, lagoons and lakes surrounded by dense vegetation. It may frequent mangrove swamps on the coast but it usually chooses freshwater habitats, particularly locations with reed beds (Phragmites). It also visits mudflats, river banks, ditches and canals.[6] In the Cape Verde Islands, it is more likely to be seen in the open, on arid slopes.[10]
Behaviour
Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
Flight is slow, with the neck retracted and the legs extending a long way behind the tail. This is characteristic of herons and bitterns, and distinguishes them from storks, cranes and spoonbills, which extend their necks in flight. It is a secretive bird, spending less time out in the open than the grey heron and tending to skulk in reed beds. Its long toes mean it can walk on floating vegetation, and it sometimes walks over bushes in the same way, not making any attempt to grip the branches. It seldom perches in trees, preferring more terrestrial sites to rest.[6]
It is most active at dawn and dusk, roosting with other birds in the middle of the day and at night, but increasing its diurnal activity while rearing young. It feeds in shallow water, grabbing its prey with its powerful beak. It will often wait motionless for prey, or slowly stalk its victim. The diet consists mainly of fish, small mammals and amphibians, but nestling birds, snakes, lizards, crustaceans, water snails, insects and spiders are also eaten. Terrestrial beetles are the commonest insect prey, followed by water beetles and aquatic larvae, with grasshoppers, dragonflies, bees and flies also being consumed.[6]
The purple heron usually breeds in colonies but sometimes the nests are solitary. It sometimes associates with other species such as the goliath heron (Ardea goliath) or grey heron at multi-species nesting colonies. The site chosen is generally in reed beds, canebrakes or low bushes close to large lakes or other extensive wetlands. It builds a bulky nest of dead reeds, sticks or whatever is available, carelessly pulling the material together. The eggs are bluish-green, averaging 56 by 45 mm (2.20 by 1.77 in). The clutch is usually four or five eggs, with occasionally seven or eight eggs being laid, though these large clutches may have resulted from two females laying in the same nest. The eggs are laid at intervals of three days, and incubation may begin with the first egg, or start when the clutch is complete. Both parents share the incubation, which lasts between 24 and 28 days, and the care of the young. When an adult brings food, its beak is dragged down by the chicks and it regurgitates food from the crop onto the nest, or the young may take food directly from the beak. The young fledge at about six weeks and become independent at two months. They then disperse widely.[6]
Status
There are estimated to be a total of between 270,000 and 570,000 purple herons in the world and the population is probably decreasing slowly. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern" because the rate of decline is insufficient to justify rating it in a more threatened category. The chief threat the bird faces is drainage and disturbance of its wetland habitats, particularly destruction of the reed beds.[1] The purple heron is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.[11]
References
BirdLife International (2019). "Ardea purpurea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T22697031A154816177. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22697031A154816177.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 54, 325. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"Purple heron videos, photos and facts – Ardea purpurea". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2011-10-16. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
Ali, S. (1996). The Book of Indian Birds. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society. ISBN 978-0-19-563731-1.
Dunning Jr., John B., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
Witherby, H. F., ed. (1943). Handbook of British Birds, Volume 3: Hawks to Ducks. H. F. and G. Witherby Ltd. pp. 133–137.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D., eds. (2015). "IOC World Bird List (version 5.3)". doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.5.3. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
de By, R.A. "Cape Verde Purple Heron". Recent proposals for specifically distinct bird species: Herons. Bird Taxonomy for Birders.
"ITIS - Report: Ardea purpurea manilensis".
Hancock, James; Kushlan, James A. (2010). The Herons Handbook. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-1-4081-3496-2.
"AEWA Species". Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1992). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 407. ISBN 84-87334-10-5.
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