Anthracothorax viridigula

Life-forms

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Superordo: Caprimulgimorphae
Ordo: Apodiformes

Familia: Trochilidae
Subfamilia: Trochilinae
Genus: Anthracothorax
Species: Anthracothorax viridigula
Name

Anthracothorax viridigula (Boddaert, 1783)

Type locality: Cayenne, French Guiana.

Synonyms

Trochilus viridigula (protonym)
Trochilus violicauda Boddaert, 1783
Trochilus gramineus Gmelin, 1788 Syst.Nat.ed.13 p. 488 BHL
Trochilus pectoralis Latham, 1790 IndexOrn. p. 306 BHL
Trochilus nitidus Latham, 1790 IndexOrn. p. 305 BHL

References

Boddaert, P. 1783. Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés. 58 pp. + table, Utrecht. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.39835 p. 41 no. 671 BHL Reference page.

Vernacular names
English: Green-throated Mango
español: Mango gargantiverde
français: Mango à cravate verte
Nederlands: Groenkeel Mango
português: beija-flor-de-veste-verde
svenska: grönstrupig glanskolibri

The green-throated mango (Anthracothorax viridigula) is a species of hummingbird in the subfamily Polytminae. It is found in Brazil, the Guianas, Trinidad, and Venezuela.[3][4][5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The green-throated mango was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from a specimen collected in Cayenne, French Guiana.[6] The bird was also illustrated in a hand-colored plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.[7] Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Trochilus viridigula in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.[8] The green-throated mango is now placed in the genus Anthracothorax that was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1831.[9][3] The species is monotypic.[3]

The generic name combines the Ancient Greek anthrax meaning "coal" (i.e. black) and thōrax meaning "chest". The specific epithet viridigula is from the Latin viridis meaning "green" and gula meaning "throat".[10]
Description

The green-throated mango is 10.5 to 12.5 cm (4.1 to 4.9 in) long. Males weigh 7.5 to 8.5 g (0.26 to 0.30 oz) and females about 6.0 g (0.21 oz). The longish black bill is slightly decurved. The male has glossy bronzy green upperparts. His throat and underparts are green with a black central line on the breast and belly. The central tail feathers are dark brown to green and the others shiny purple, and the outermost have dark blue tips. The female green-throated mango's upperparts are also bronzy green with more of a reddish tinge than the male's. She has white underparts with a black central stripe. The tail is like the male's but with white tips on the outermost feathers. Juveniles resemble females but have chestnut underparts.[11]

This species is very similar to the closely related black-throated mango. Although the male green-throated mango has less extensive black on the underparts, this and other plumage differences are not always easy to confirm in the field because the birds can appear all black. The females of the two species can be almost inseparable, although green-throated has more extensively coppery upperparts than its relative.[12]
Distribution and habitat

The green-throated mango is found coastally from northeastern Venezuela through Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana into Brazil as far east as Maranhão and along the Amazon River inland to the Negro River. It is also found in Trinidad, but not Tobago. It inhabits mangrove swamp, moist lowland savanna, and similar swampy landscapes with scattered large trees. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 500 m (1,600 ft).[11]
Behavior
Movement

The green-throated mango is sedentary in the coastal part of its range; inland it moves seasonally to follow the flowering of trees.[11]
Feeding

The green-throated mango feeds on the nectar of tall flowering trees, where males defend feeding territories. The species is also notably insectivorous, catching small arthropod prey on the wing or by gleaning from foliage.[11]
Breeding

Green-throated mango nests have been found year round, though in the Guianas most have been noted between January and March. Females build a cup nest on an exposed horizontal branch of a large tree, typically at least 10 m (33 ft) above ground. The clutch size is two eggs. The incubation time is 14 to 15 days with fledging usually 24 to 25 days after hatch.[11]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to green-throated mango on xeno-canto
Vocalization

The green-throated mango is not highly vocal. Its song has been described as a "very high, slightly descending, trill, like 'f'srrrrrrih-tjew tjuh'." It makes a "chep...chep..." call in flight or when hovering at flowers.[11][13]
Status

The IUCN has assessed the green-throated mango as being of Least Concern, though its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing.[1] It is generally locally common in the coastal zone and less so along the Amazon. It is rare in Trinidad due to habitat loss.[11]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Green-throated Mango Anthracothorax viridigula". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22687122A93141043. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687122A93141043.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 12.1)". doi:10.14344/IOC.ML.11.2. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
Kenefick, Martyn (22 September 2020). "Species lists of birds for South American countries and territories: Trinidad and Tobago". South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society.
"Official checklist of Trinidad & Tobago" (PDF). Trinidad & Tobago Rare Birds Committee. March 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1780). "Le colibri à cravate verte". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 11. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 77.
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Colibri à gorge vert, de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 671 Fig. 1.
Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 41, Number 671 Fig. 1.
Boie, Friedrich (1831). "Bemerkungen über Species und einige ornithologische Familien und Sippen". Isis von Oken (in German). 24. Cols 538–548 [545].
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 49, 403. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Schuchmann, K.L., P. F. D. Boesman, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Green-throated Mango (Anthracothorax viridigula), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grtman1.01 Retrieved 18 January 2022
Greeney, H. F., K.L. Schuchmann, and G. M. Kirwan (2020). Black-throated Mango (Anthracothorax nigricollis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.bltman1.01 Retrieved 18 January 2022

van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.

Further reading
Hilty, Steven L (2003). Birds of Venezuela. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5.
ffrench, Richard (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2.