Anas georgica , Photo: Duncan Wright(Information about this image)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Pangalloanserae
Cladus: Galloanseres
Ordo: Anseriformes
Familia: Anatidae
Genus: Anas
Species: Anas georgica
Subspecies: A. g. georgica – A. g. spinicauda
Name
Anas georgica Gmelin, 1789
References
Gmelin, J.F. 1789. Caroli a Linné systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I, Pars II. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. - pp. 501–1032. Lipsiae. (Beer). DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.545 Original description p.516 n.77 BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
čeština: Ostralka žlutozobá
English: Yellow-billed Pintail
español: Pato maicero
日本語: キバシオナガガモ
Nederlands: Zuid-Amerikaanse pijlstaart
norsk: Spisshaleand
português do Brasil: Marreca-parda
svenska: Gulnäbbad stjärtand
The yellow-billed pintail (Anas georgica) is a South American dabbling duck of the genus Anas with three described subspecies.
Taxonomy
The yellow-billed pintail was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the ducks, geese and swans in the genus Anas and coined the binomial name Anas georgica.[2] Gmelin based his description on the "Georgia duck" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist John Latham in his A General Synopsis of Birds. The naturalist Joseph Banks had provided Latham with a drawing of the duck from South Georgia.[3][4] The genus name Anas is the Latin word for a duck.[5]
Three subspecies are recognised:[6]
† A. g. niceforoi Wetmore & Borrero, 1946 – east-central Colombia (extinct)
A. g. spinicauda Vieillot, 1816 – south Colombia to south Argentina, south Chile and Falkland Islands
A. g. georgica Gmelin, JF, 1789 – South Georgia
Description
The yellow-billed pintail has a brown head and neck. The bill is yellow with a black tip and a black stripe down the middle. [7] The tail is brownish and pointed. The upper wing is grayish-brown, and the secondaries are blackish-green. The rest of the body is buffish brown with varying size black spots. The species is sometimes confused with yellow-billed teal, but can be differentiated by the yellow stripes on its bill, its larger size and its tendency not to form large groups. [8]
Distribution and habitat
The range includes much of South America, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia. The nominate and smallest subspecies, the South Georgia pintail A. g. georgica, is thought to number between 1000 and 1500 pairs, and is found only in South Georgia. The Chilean, or brown, pintail A. g. spinicauda is widespread on the South American mainland from extreme southern Colombia southwards, as well as in the Falkland Islands, and numbers well over 110,000. Niceforo's pintail A. g. niceforoi, formerly found in central Colombia, is believed to be extinct, having been last recorded in 1952 (and described only in 1946). Their habitat ranges from high elevation lakes and marshes to low elevation lakes and rivers and coasts in open country.[9]
Breeding
Nests are formed on the ground and lined with grass and down. They hide their nests in vegetation close to water. They lay 4 to 10 eggs in a clutch.
Physiology
In high altitude populations of yellow-billed pintail, hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than in lower altitude populations, which can be attributable to substitutions in their beta-globin gene.[10] These substitutions are shared by speckled teal because of introgressive hybridization between the two species.[11] Gene flow between populations also suggests that yellow-billed pintails that are heterozygous for the βA hemoglobin subunit may be able to acclimate to high altitudes more efficiently than those that are homozygous for the βA hemoglobin subunit.[12]
References
BirdLife International (2016). "Anas georgica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22680310A92854981. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680310A92854981.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1789). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 516.
Latham, John (1785). A General Synopsis of Birds. Vol. 3, Part 2. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 478, no. 34.
Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 474.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Screamers, ducks, geese & swans". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
"Yellow-billed Teal (Anas flavirostris)". Peru Aves.
"Speckled Teal Anas flavirostris flavirostris". Birds of the Falkland Islands.
"Anas georgica - Yellow-billed Pintail". Debra Bourne. Wildlife Information. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
Natarajan, Chandrasekhar; Projecto-Garcia, Joana; Moriyama, Hideaki; Weber, Roy E.; Muñoz-Fuentes, Violeta; Green, Andy J.; Kopuchian, Cecilia; Tubaro, Pablo L.; Alza, Luis; Bulgarella, Mariana; Smith, Matthew M. (2015-12-04). "Convergent Evolution of Hemoglobin Function in High-Altitude Andean Waterfowl Involves Limited Parallelism at the Molecular Sequence Level". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005681. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005681. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670201. PMID 26637114.
Natarajan, Chandrasekhar; Projecto-Garcia, Joana; Moriyama, Hideaki; Weber, Roy E.; Muñoz-Fuentes, Violeta; Green, Andy J.; Kopuchian, Cecilia; Tubaro, Pablo L.; Alza, Luis; Bulgarella, Mariana; Smith, Matthew M. (2015-12-04). "Convergent Evolution of Hemoglobin Function in High-Altitude Andean Waterfowl Involves Limited Parallelism at the Molecular Sequence Level". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005681. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005681. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4670201. PMID 26637114.
McCracken, Kevin G.; Bulgarella, Mariana; Johnson, Kevin P.; Kuhner, Mary K.; Trucco, Jorge; Valqui, Thomas H.; Wilson, Robert E.; Peters, Jeffrey L. (April 2009). "Gene flow in the face of countervailing selection: Adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in the βA hemoglobin subunit of yellow-billed pintails in the Andes". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (4): 815–827. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp007. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 19151158.
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